將美麗融入數據 (Putting the Beauty in Data)

Have you ever been ravished by Vizzes on Tableau Public that look like only magic could be in play to display so much data in such a pleasing way?

您是否曾經被Tableau Public上的Vizzes迷住了，看起來只有魔術才能發揮作用，以這種令人愉悅的方式顯示如此多的數據？

Most of those Vizzes are a result of exploiting how humans perceive visual landscapes (parts of a whole). The principles in play here are called the Gestalt principles. Gestalt in German means “Pattern” or “Configuration”. The Gestalt principles aim to make the process of visual design aesthetically pleasing as well as the data easier to consume.

這些Vizzes中的大多數是利用人類如何看待視覺景觀(整體的一部分)的結果。 這里發揮作用的原則稱為格式塔原則。 格式塔在德國的意思是“樣式”或“配置”。 格式塔原理旨在使視覺設計過程更加美觀，并使數據更易于使用。

There are numerous Gestalt principles, but I will be demonstrating the 6 most common ones, using Tableau’s most frequently used ‘Sample Superstore’ dataset. Though these principles are being explained individually, often more than one Gestalt principle is used in a single visualisation. However, a single principle tends to dominate.

格式塔(Gestalt)原理有很多，但我將使用Tableau最常用的“樣本超市”(Sample Superstore)數據集演示6種最常見的原理。 盡管對這些原理進行了單獨說明，但在一次可視化中通常會使用多個格式塔原理。 但是，一個原則傾向于占主導地位。

1.鄰近 (1. Proximity)

The principle of proximity states that objects that are placed close to each other are perceived as more related as compared to the ones that are placed far apart

接近原理指出，相較于相隔較遠的物體，彼此靠近的物體被認為更相關

In the above visualisation, profit realised by the store is presented by region and by month. Using the principle of proximity, we see profits of all the months in East region as related to each other. Similarly for Central, West and South regions.

在上面的可視化中，商店實現的利潤按地區和月份顯示。 使用接近原理，我們看到東部地區所有月份的利潤彼此相關。 中部，西部和南部地區也是如此。

2.相似性 (2. Similarity)

The principle of similarity states that objects that are similar to each other are perceived as more related that the dissimilar ones

相似性原理指出，彼此相似的對象比不相似的對象更相關

Here, similarity means similarity by shape, colour, size, font, texture, etc.

在這里，相似性是指形狀，顏色，大小，字體，紋理等之間的相似性。

In the above graph, which depicts the profit realised by the store each month from 2011 to 2013, and by product category, the concept of similarity plays out well. The circles belonging to a single colour pertain to a single region, which is the use of the Similarity Principle. The area of the circle depicts the relative magnitude of the profit in each group for each month.

上圖描繪了商店從2011年到2013年每個月實現的利潤，并按產品類別描述了相似性的概念。 屬于單一顏色的圓屬于一個區域，這是使用相似原理的。 圓圈區域表示每個月每個組的利潤的相對大小。

3.關閉 (3. Closure)

The principle of closure states that the human mind tends to perceive a collection of multiple elements as a components of a whole

封閉原則指出，人類的思維傾向于將多個元素的集合視為整體的組成部分

The above Viz shows the profit earned by region and by month. The arrangement of the components is in such a way that it easy to perceive four polygons (West and East as rectangles, South and Central as squares). Though each of the larger polygons are made of numerous individual blocks.

上面的Viz顯示了按地區和按月獲得的利潤。 組件的排列方式很容易感知四個多邊形(西和東為矩形，南和中為方形)。 雖然每個較大的多邊形均由許多單獨的塊組成。

4.連續性 (4. Continuity)

The principle of continuity states that elements arrange on a line or curve are perceived to be more related as compared to those that are not on it

連續性原則指出，與不位于線上或曲線上的元素相比，排列在直線或曲線上的元素被認為更相關

The two pictures above demonstrate this principle. The data that is being plotted is the total profit realised by the store each month from 2011 to 2013. The graph on the left plots the data as disconnected dots. This seems to be difficult to understand. Has the profit grown or reduced month over month?

上面的兩張圖片展示了這一原理。 正在繪制的數據是商店從2011年到2013年每個月實現的總利潤。左側的圖形將數據繪制為不連續的點。 這似乎很難理解。 利潤是否逐月增加或減少？

The graph on the right makes it far more comprehensible. The same data is plotted as a line connecting the data points. The connectivity gives a better perspective of the month on month profit trend.

右圖使它更容易理解。 相同的數據繪制為連??接數據點的線。 連接性使您可以更好地了解月度利潤趨勢。

5.并行性 (5. Parallelism)

The principle of parallelism states that elements arranged parallel to each other are perceived to be more related as compared to those that aren’t parallel

并行性原則指出，與不平行的元素相比，彼此平行排列的元素被認為更相關

This might seem like the easiest principle to demonstrate. The lines that are parallel to each other show a similar trend in profits while the non-parallel ones show dissimilar trends.

這似乎是最容易證明的原理。 彼此平行的線顯示出相似的利潤趨勢，而非平行線則顯示出不同趨勢。

大！ 但是我們如何使用這些原則？ (Great! But how do we use these principles?)

It would be a miracle to fit all of them into one single Viz and managing to make it look appealing. Finding the right number of principles to use is best left to the artist (now that you are working on appealing to the visual senses, you’re an Artist!)

將所有這些安裝到單個Viz中并設法使其具有吸引力將是一個奇跡。 找到合適數量的使用原則最好由藝術家決定(既然您正在努力吸引視覺感官，那么您就是藝術家！)

However, using the Gestalt principles each time you ideate your dashboards or vizzes might help in making them aesthetically enticing as well as easy to consume.

但是，每次構思儀表盤或Vizz時都使用格式塔原則，可能有助于使它們具有美觀的吸引力并易于使用。