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自動化測試模型可以看作自動化測試框架與工具設計的思想。隨著自動化測試技術的發展，演化為以下幾種模型：

• 線性測試
• 模塊化驅動側式
• 數據驅動測試
• 關鍵字驅動測試

數據驅動測試

前一篇所講的模塊化驅動測試能夠很好的解決腳本重復的問題，但是在針對同一個功能進行不同數據的測試，從而檢測測試結果的變化時仍然需要重復地編寫測試腳本。于是，數據驅動測試的概念就為解決這類問題而被提出。
我們可以通過讀取定義的數組、字典，或者是外部文件（excel、csv、txt、xml等），都可以看作是數據驅動，從而實現數據與腳本的分離，進一步增強腳本的復用性。

讀取txt文件

Java

(ノへ￣、)這段代碼存在一個問題，txt文件中有四組數據，但運行時只執行了三組數據（運行時忽略了一條密碼為空的數據）。

data.javapackage PublicMethods;import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;public class data {//讀取txt文件public static Map txtData(String fileName) throws IOException {Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String , String>(); //存放多個鍵值對String[] arryTemp = null;String username = null;String password = null;String s = null;File file = new File(fileName);FileReader fr = new FileReader(file);BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr);while((s = br.readLine()) != null){arryTemp = s.split(","); //將一行數據存入數組username = arryTemp[0];  //獲取賬戶password = arryTemp[1];  //獲取密碼map.put(username, password); //存儲一組賬號密碼}return map;}
}

share.javapackage PublicMethods;import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoAlertPresentException;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;public class share {private static WebDriver driver;public static WebDriver OpenDriver(String url){driver = new FirefoxDriver();driver.get(url);return driver;}public static void UserLogin(WebDriver driver, Map map) throws InterruptedException {Set<String> keyset = map.keySet(); //獲取Map的值for(String count : keyset) {Thread.sleep(2000);driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='username']")).sendKeys(count);System.out.println(count);driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='password']")).sendKeys(map.get(count).toString());Thread.sleep(2000);driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='login_button']")).click();Thread.sleep(2000);try{driver.switchTo().alert().accept();Thread.sleep(2000);driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='username']")).clear();driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='password']")).clear();}catch(NoAlertPresentException NofindAlert){UserLogout(driver);}    }}public static void UserLogout(WebDriver driver) throws InterruptedException{driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='logout_button']")).click();Thread.sleep(2000);}
}

LoginTest.javapackage Test;import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.*;
import PublicMethods.*;import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;public class LoginTest {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {// TODO Auto-generated method stubWebDriver driver = PublicMethods.share.OpenDriver("file:///D:/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95.html");String filename = "D:\\app_tool\\eclipse-workspace\\AutoTest\\TestData\\user_info.txt";Map map = txtData(filename);UserLogin(driver, map);driver.quit();}
}

Python

data.pyclass data():# 讀取txt文件def txtData(self, fileName):file = open(fileName, 'r')lines = file.readlines()file.close()return lines

share.pyfrom time import *
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ECclass share():# 啟動瀏覽器def open_driver(self, url):driver = webdriver.Firefox()driver.implicitly_wait(10)driver.get(url)return driver# 登錄賬號檢測def user_login(self, driver, lines):for line in lines:sleep(2)driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='username']").send_keys(line.split(',')[0])driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='password']").send_keys(line.split(',')[1])sleep(2)driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='login_button']").click()sleep(2)result =EC.alert_is_present()(driver)# 判斷是否有彈窗if result:result.accept()driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='username']").clear()driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='password']").clear()# 退出賬號def user_logout(self, driver):driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='logout_button']").click()sleep(2)

LoginTest.pyfrom public import share,datadriver = share.share().open_driver('file:///D:/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95.html')filename = 'user_info.txt'
lines = data.data().txtData(filename)share.share().user_login(driver, lines)
share.share().user_logout(driver)
driver.quit()

Ruby

讀取csv文件

該方法同樣適用于讀取txt文件

Java

data.javapackage PublicMethods;import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;public class data {//讀取csv文件public static ArrayList<String[]> csvData(String fileName){ArrayList<String[]> list = new ArrayList<String[]>();  //創建保存數據集合CsvReader cReader = null;try{cReader = new CsvReader(fileName);//是否跳過表頭cReader.readHeaders();while(cReader.readRecord()){list.add(cReader.getValues());}}catch(Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}finally{cReader.close();}//如果使用testng的DataProvider,可以返回一個二維數組Object data[][] = new Object[list.size()][];for(int i=0;i<list.size();i++){data[i]=list.get(i);}return list;}
}

share.javapackage PublicMethods;import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoAlertPresentException;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;public class share {private static WebDriver driver;public static WebDriver OpenDriver(String url){driver = new FirefoxDriver();driver.get(url);return driver;}public static void UserLogin(WebDriver driver, ArrayList<String[]> list) throws InterruptedException {for(int i=0;i<list.size();i++) {Thread.sleep(2000);driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='username']")).sendKeys(list.get(i)[1]);driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='password']")).sendKeys(list.get(i)[2]);Thread.sleep(2000);driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='login_button']")).click();Thread.sleep(2000);try{driver.switchTo().alert().accept();Thread.sleep(2000);driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='username']")).clear();driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='password']")).clear();}catch(NoAlertPresentException NofindAlert){UserLogout(driver);}    }}public static void UserLogout(WebDriver driver) throws InterruptedException{driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='logout_button']")).click();Thread.sleep(2000);}
}

LoginTest.javapackage Test;import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.*;
import PublicMethods.*;import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;public class LoginTest {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {// TODO Auto-generated method stubWebDriver driver = PublicMethods.share.OpenDriver("file:///D:/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95.html");String filename = "D:\\app_tool\\eclipse-workspace\\AutoTest\\TestData\\user_info.csv";ArrayList<String[]> list = csvData(filename);UserLogin(driver, list);driver.quit();}
}

Python

data.pyimport csvclass data():# 讀取CSV文件def csvData(self, fileName):lines = csv.reader(open(fileName, 'r'))return lines

share.pyfrom time import *
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ECclass share():# 啟動瀏覽器def open_driver(self, url):driver = webdriver.Firefox()driver.implicitly_wait(10)driver.get(url)return driver# 登錄賬號檢測def user_login(self, driver, lines):for line in lines:sleep(2)driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='username']").send_keys(line[0])driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='password']").send_keys(line[1])sleep(2)driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='login_button']").click()sleep(2)result =EC.alert_is_present()(driver)# 判斷是否有彈窗if result:result.accept()driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='username']").clear()driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='password']").clear()# 退出賬號def user_logout(self, driver):driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='logout_button']").click()sleep(2)

LoginTest.pyfrom public import share,datadriver = share.share().open_driver('file:///D:/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95.html')filename = 'user_info.csv'
lines = data.data().csvData(filename)share.share().user_login(driver, lines)
share.share().user_logout(driver)
driver.quit()

Ruby

讀取excel文件

Excel文件數據必須時文本格式

Java

進入http://poi.apache.org/download.html下載POI的Jar包
問題一：
?

解決方法：
進入http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.apache.xmlbeans/xmlbeans/2.6.0，下載jar包

問題二：
?

解決方法：
進入http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.apache.commons/commons-collections4/4.1，下載jar包

問題三：
在遇到Excel單元值為空時sheet.getRow(i).getCell(j).getStringCellValue()會報錯
解決方法：
在Excel中把空值改為空格，然后在代碼中獲取該值后去空格。

data.javapackage PublicMethods;import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;public class data {//讀取Excel文件public static XSSFSheet excelData(String fileName) throws IOException{File file = new File(fileName);FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(file);XSSFWorkbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook(is); //加載workbookXSSFSheet sheet = wb.getSheetAt(0);  //加載sheetreturn sheet;}
}

share.javapackage PublicMethods;import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFSheet;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoAlertPresentException;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;public class share {private static WebDriver driver;public static WebDriver OpenDriver(String url){driver = new FirefoxDriver();driver.get(url);return driver;}public static void UserLogin(WebDriver driver, XSSFSheet sheet) throws InterruptedException {for(int i=0;i<sheet.getLastRowNum();i++) {Thread.sleep(2000);driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='username']")).sendKeys(sheet.getRow(i).getCell(1).getStringCellValue().toString().trim());driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='password']")).sendKeys(sheet.getRow(i).getCell(2).getStringCellValue().toString().trim());Thread.sleep(2000);driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='login_button']")).click();Thread.sleep(2000);try{driver.switchTo().alert().accept();Thread.sleep(2000);driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='username']")).clear();driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='password']")).clear();}catch(NoAlertPresentException NofindAlert){UserLogout(driver);}    }}public static void UserLogout(WebDriver driver) throws InterruptedException{driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='logout_button']")).click();Thread.sleep(2000);}
}

LoginTest.javapackage Test;import java.io.IOException;
import PublicMethods.*;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFSheet;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;public class LoginTest {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {// TODO Auto-generated method stubWebDriver driver = PublicMethods.share.OpenDriver("file:///D:/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95.html");String filename = "D:\\app_tool\\eclipse-workspace\\AutoTest\\TestData\\user_info.xlsx";XSSFSheet sheet = excelData(filename);UserLogin(driver, sheet);driver.quit();}
}

Python

data.pyimport xlrdclass data():# 讀取excel文件def execelData(self, fileName, sheetName):data = xlrd.open_workbook(fileName)#  通過索引順序獲取# table = data.sheets()[0]# table = data.sheet_by_index(0)table = data.sheet_by_name(sheetName)# 獲取一行或一列的值，參數是第幾行# table.row_values(0)    獲取第一行的值# table.col_values(0)    獲取第一列的值return  table

share.pyfrom time import *
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ECclass share():# 啟動瀏覽器def open_driver(self, url):driver = webdriver.Firefox()driver.implicitly_wait(10)driver.get(url)return driver# 登錄賬號檢測def user_login(self, driver, table):rows = table.nrowsfor i in range(rows):sleep(2)driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='username']").send_keys(table.cell(i, 1).value)driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='password']").send_keys(table.cell(i, 2).value)sleep(2)driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='login_button']").click()sleep(2)result =EC.alert_is_present()(driver)# 判斷是否有彈窗if result:result.accept()driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='username']").clear()driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='password']").clear()# 退出賬號def user_logout(self, driver):driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='logout_button']").click()sleep(2)

LoginTest.pyfrom public import share,datadriver = share.share().open_driver('file:///D:/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95.html')filename = 'TestData/user_info.xlsx'
sheetname = 'test'
table = data.data().execelData(filename, sheetname)share.share().user_login(driver, table)
share.share().user_logout(driver)
driver.quit()

Ruby

淺談關鍵字驅動測試

???????在數據驅動的基礎上，我們把“數據”轉化為“關鍵字”后，通過關鍵字的改變從而引起測試結果的變化。
???????為何我要在這里說明是“淺談”呢？在關鍵字驅動測試中，我們可以將測試的對象、滿足條件、傳輸值、斷言等，甚至是所需要讀取的外部文件以及外部類庫，所有的相關條件存儲在文件中（典型的關鍵字驅動工具：UFT）。我們可以將關鍵字以“填表格”形式寫入文件中，從而降低腳本的編寫難度。
???????正因如此，采用關鍵字驅動測試來編寫同樣的腳本需要較高的學習成本。同樣，這樣的框架越到后期越難維護，可靠性也會變差。所以，暫時不深入研究關鍵字驅動測試。

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