The eye is a complex and temperamental organ. By the end of this article, designers will have a better understanding of how the eye works with the brain, how it deconstructs images that the brain stitches back up again, and how the two organs work hard to pick and choose what to very quickly ignore, “see”, guess, and attend.

眼睛是一個復雜而氣質的器官。 到本文結束時，設計人員將更好地理解眼睛如何與大腦一起工作，如何解構大腦再次縫合的圖像，以及兩個器官如何努力工作以及如何選擇要快速忽略的內容，“看”，猜和參加。

With any luck, you’ll walk away from this article feeling much like Neo felt after Morpheus said, “You think that’s air you’re breathing now?”

運氣好的話，您會從這篇文章中走出來，就像在Morpheus說：“您認為現在正在呼吸的空氣嗎？”之后Neo的感覺一樣。

眼睛用于感知視覺，而大腦則用于感知視覺。 (The eye is for sensing vision and the brain is for perceiving it.)

There is a gigantic difference between sensing and perceiving. So much so that they are different areas of study in both neuro and cognitive psychology.

感知和感知之間存在巨大差異。 如此之多，以至于它們成為神經心理學和認知心理學的不同研究領域。

We have 7 senses. Yep, 7! We are very familiar with the first five: smell, touch, taste, sight, and hearing. The other two are less known but just as important: vestibular (balance) and proprioception (close your eyes, touch your nose. There, that’s it. A sense of your body in space).

我們有7種感官 。 是的，七！ 我們對前五個非常熟悉：氣味，觸覺，味道，視覺和聽覺。 其他兩個人鮮為人知，但同樣重要：前庭(平衡)和本體感覺(閉上眼睛，觸摸鼻子。就這樣，對空間的感覺)。

Our senses are responsible for noticing changes in light, sound, pressure, etc., and then converting that energy to a form that the brain can process. At this point, the brain is ready to perceive or interpret the signal.

我們的感官負責注意到光線，聲音，壓力等的變化，然后將這種能量轉換為大腦可以處理的形式。 此時，大腦已準備好感知或解釋信號。

我們所感知的并不總是我們所感知的。 (What we perceive is not always what we sense.)

Take a look at this image of Einstein. It’s a mask. It’s hollow (concave), not convex. It’s a mold for casting a statue or coin. When a material is poured into the mold, a convex shape is formed. As we look at this image, however, we know that from our vantage point, the nose is the farthest part away from us. And yet, our brain will not let us “see” what’s really there.

看一下愛因斯坦的這張照片。 這是一個面具。 它是空心的(凹面)，而不是凸面。 這是用于鑄造雕像或硬幣的模具。 當將材料倒入模具中時，形成凸形。 但是，當我們查看此圖像時，我們知道從有利的角度來看，鼻子是離我們最遠的部分。 但是，我們的大腦不會讓我們“看到”真正存在的內容。

Look at it again. Does your brain let you see the “real” image? Probably not. It’s because the eye and the brain are in cahoots with one another to trick us.

再看一遍。 您的大腦能讓您看到“真實”的圖像嗎？ 可能不是。 這是因為眼睛和大腦相互迷惑來欺騙我們。

The reason for this is because the brain knows faces are not naturally hollow. The brain rejects the notion of a concave face and perceives what makes the most sense to it. This is a powerful, fast, and uncontrollable force. Try to see what’s really there and tell me with all honesty that you can see a concave image.

這樣做的原因是因為大腦知道面Kong自然不是空心的。 大腦拒絕凹臉的概念，并感知最有意義的地方。 這是強大，快速且不可控制的力量。 試著看看那里到底有什么，并誠實地告訴我您可以看到凹面圖像。

Play the video below; it’s astonishing. And even after you “get it” your brain might still not let you “see” the real image.

播放下面的視頻； 太神奇了 甚至在您“理解”之后，您的大腦仍可能不會讓您“看到”真實的圖像。

Similarly, read these items out loud from left to right.

同樣，從左到右大聲朗讀這些項目。

Now, read these from top to bottom.

現在，從上至下閱讀這些內容。

What you read in the middle changes from one example to the next, right? Now, look at them together.

您在中間閱讀的內容從一個示例變為另一個示例，對嗎？ 現在，一起看它們。

The middle item is either a “13” or a “B” depending on what comes before and what comes after. How in the world do we see something different in the two examples when the form is 100% exactly the same? The eye and the brain are tricking us, that’s how.

中間的項是“ 13”或“ B”，具體取決于之前和之后。 當表單100％完全相同時，我們如何在兩個示例中看到一些不同？ 眼睛和大腦在欺騙我們，就是這樣。

The context in which the item appears gives what we see meaning (perception). Nuts, right? Ok, two more just for fun.

項目出現的上下文給出了我們所看到的含義(感知)。 堅果對不對 好的，還有兩個只是為了好玩。

What do you see? A person wearing glasses? Or can you read the word, “Liar”?

你看到了什么？ 一個戴眼鏡的人？ 還是您可以閱讀“說謊者”一詞？

光子的旅程：第1部分-感知視覺 (The photon’s journey: part 1 — sensing vision)

When a photon darts into your eye, it goes on a magical journey.

當光子射入您的眼睛時，它會經歷神奇的旅程。

The ability to see started over 100 million years ago. Human eyes have evolved over time, from seeing only black and white (as many other animals still do) to the ability to see red, green, and blue light.

視力開始于一億多年前。 人類的眼睛已經隨著時間的流逝而發展，從只看到黑白(就像許多其他動物一樣)到看到紅，綠和藍光的能力。

Color wavelengths entering the eye are received by millions of light-sensitive cells, cones, and rods. Once photons collide with the photoreceptors in the retina (cones and rods), the light energy is converted to chemical energy through a process called transduction.

數以百萬計的感光細胞，視錐細胞和視桿接收進入眼睛的色波長。 一旦光子與視網膜(視錐細胞和視桿)中的感光器碰撞，光能就會通過稱為轉導的過程轉換為化學能。

In a gross generalization, the sensory information is filtered by ganglion cells to boost contrast and definition before it makes it to the optic nerve and is finally delivered to the visual cortex found in the brain’s occipital lobe.

總的來說，感覺信息由神經節細胞過濾以增強對比度和清晰度，然后將其傳遞到視神經，最后傳遞到大腦枕葉中的視覺皮層。

光子的旅程：第2部分-感知視覺 (The photon’s journey: Part 2 — perceiving vision)

The visual cortex (V1) processes the horizontal and vertical information, and then adds depth back in (V2) since the eye can only see in 2D.

視覺皮層(V1)處理水平和垂直信息，然后將深度加回到(V2)中，因為眼睛只能以2D形式看到。

Some of you might have already known this, but I am blown away every single time I am reminded that the eye can only sense two dimensions. And the brain stitches vertical and horizontal information collected by both eyes to recreate the third dimension; depth — on the fly. Our ability to perceive 3D is constructed.

你們中的某些人可能已經知道了這一點，但是每次我都被震撼了，使我想起眼睛只能感知二維。 大腦縫合兩只眼睛收集的垂直和水平信息，以重建第三維。 深度-動態。 我們感知3D的能力得以構建。

Processing speed is critical. It could be the difference between becoming lion snack or not — or more likely, roadkill or not. In order to process information very quickly, the brain “fills in” what it thinks it should be seeing by drawing from past experiences and expectations. Does this sound familiar? Gestalt principles? Closure?

處理速度至關重要。 不管是不是變成零食，或更可能是道路殺傷，兩者之間可能是有區別的。 為了非常快速地處理信息，大腦會根據過去的經驗和期望來“填充”它認為應該看到的內容。 這聽起來很熟悉嗎？ 格式塔原理？ 關閉？

In fact, the Gestal Principles of grouping (similarity, proximity, continuity, and closure) are central to our understanding of how perception works because they all help us make better and faster guesses about what we think we see.

實際上，分組的基本原則(相似性，鄰近性，連續性和封閉性)對于我們理解感知的工作原理至關重要，因為它們都能幫助我們更好，更快地猜測我們所看到的東西。

“This characteristic extends to color and form perception in V3 and V4, to face and object recognition in the inferior temporal lobe, and to motion and spatial awareness in the parietal lobe.”

“ 此特征擴展到V3和V4中的顏色和形式感知，下顳葉的面部和物體識別以及頂葉的運動和空間感知。”

While the sensory receptors are continuously gathering information from the world, in the end, it is how we interpret the perceived information that dictates how we interact with the world.

當感覺感受器不斷從世界收集信息時，最終，我們如何解釋感知到的信息便決定了我們如何與世界互動。

Sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced. There is both bottom-up and top-down processing. Bottom-up processing means that perception is stitched together from sensory input, while top-down processing is how we interpret sensation — which is guided by our knowledge, experience, and thoughts.

感官信息的組織，解釋和體驗 。 有自下而上和自上而下的處理。 自下而上的處理意味著將感覺與感覺輸入縫合在一起，而自上而下的處理則是我們解釋感覺的方式，這是由我們的知識，經驗和思想所指導的。

That’s right, our history — what we know and don’t know — has a major role to play in how we interpret the signals delivered by our senses — how we perceive sensation. This explains why two people looking at the same thing can perceive completely different things.

沒錯，我們的歷史-我們所知道和不知道的-在我們如何解釋感官傳遞的信號-我們如何感知感方面起著重要作用。 這解釋了為什么兩個人看著同一件事可以感知完全不同的事物。

Perceptions are built from sensation but not all sensations result in perception. For example, the mind doesn’t perceive sustained stimuli. Think of ticking clocks or pressure. This is known as sensory adaptation.

感知是建立在感覺之上的，但并非所有的感覺都會導致感知。 例如，頭腦不會感知到持續的刺激。 想想時鐘或壓力。 這就是感覺適應。

Sensory adaptation can explain why some users can’t “see” the link, headline, or button needed to complete a task.

感覺適應可以解釋為什么某些用戶無法“看到”完成任務所需的鏈接，標題或按鈕。

如果我們對同一件事有不同的看法，那應該如何改變我們的設計實踐？ (If we see the same thing differently, how should that change our design practice?)

By now, you know that if you put two people in front of something, they’re likely to perceive what they see differently.

到現在為止，您知道如果將兩個人放在某個事物的前面，他們很可能會感知到他們看到的事物有所不同。

We’ve covered the cognitive and some of the physiological reasons why this happens. But there’s more. There’s always more.

我們已經介紹了發生這種情況的認知原因和一些生理原因。 但是還有更多。 總有更多。

At the back of the eye, at the retina, there are rods (for color vision) and cones (for black and white vision). There, we can find another physiological reason why we see differently. Folks that are color deficient (some people call this color blindness but it is not) see plenty of colors, just not all of ’em.

在眼睛的后部，在視網膜上，有視桿(用于彩色視覺)和視錐(用于黑色和白色視覺)。 在這里，我們可以找到另一個生理原因，使我們看到不同的事物。 顏色不足的人(有些人稱其為色盲，但并非如此)會看到很多顏色，而并非全部。

Even people who have typical photoreceptors can see the same thing differently. About 60% of men have a type of red cones. This means that more than half of men perceive the color red differently than the other half. Meanwhile, most women have both types of red receptor cones and are able to sense a richer image — not just for red but also for all the colors that red interacts with.

即使是具有典型感光器的人，對同一事物的看法也會有所不同。 大約60％的男人有一種紅色的錐體 。 這意味著一半以上的男人對紅色的感覺與另一半不同。 同時，大多數女性同時擁有兩種類型的紅色受體錐，并且能夠感知到更豐富的圖像-不僅是紅色的，而且還有紅色與之相互作用的所有顏色的圖像。

After reading this article, seasoned and responsible designers won’t likely have much to change about their practice. After all, they are already designing high contrast, properly sized interfaces that are GWAC 2.1 AA compliant, right?

閱讀本文后，經驗豐富且負責任的設計師在實踐中將不會有太大變化。 畢竟，他們已經在設計符合GWAC 2.1 AA標準的高對比度，尺寸合適的接口，對嗎？

But perhaps we pay more attention to our end-users and their backstory. If we know our users don’t have much of a backstory, such as kids, then perhaps we design with more intention. This can help them be more successful with our interfaces and help them begin to form the conceptual models that add to their backstory, to their context, to their body of knowledge.

但是，也許我們會更加關注最終用戶及其背景故事。 如果我們知道用戶沒有太多的背景知識(例如孩子)，那么我們可能會更有意向地進行設計。 這可以幫助他們通過我們的界面獲得更大的成功，并幫助他們開始形成概念模型，這些模型會增加他們的背景知識，他們的上下文以及他們的知識體系。

Similarly, if we know our users are savvy and have richer backstories, then we can take some creative freedoms and rely more heavily on Gestalt Principles.

同樣，如果我們知道用戶精通并且具有豐富的背景知識，則我們可以享有一些創作自由，并更加依賴格式塔原則。

More than anything, I think, we can stop sweating exactly what colors we use. Men and women see color differently and even among men, what they sense (red and the millions of other colors that interact with red) is all over the place.

我認為，最重要的是，我們可以完全不出汗使用什么顏色。 男人和女人對顏色的看法不同，甚至男人之間，他們的感覺(紅色以及與紅色互動的數百萬種其他顏色)無處不在。

I am not saying to abandon making gorgeous designs. What I am saying is that since people sense and perceive things differently, maybe our designs should have an equal emphasis on function — as it does on form.

我并不是說要放棄做出華麗的設計。 我的意思是，既然人們對事物的感知和感知有所不同，那么也許我們的設計應該同樣重視功能-就像形式一樣。