*You can also read this article in German here.

*您也可以 在此處 閱讀 德語文章 。

In this article I’m going to draw on the Design thinking concept of designing for extreme users and I will argue that designing for extreme users can be considered a case of designing for accessibility. I’m going to talk about pilots, (who doesn’t like pilots, right?) to shortly mention how to incorporate accessibility into personas and the inclusive personas context, and I’m going to dig into Designing for the extremes focusing first on a single aspect, right before telling you some persona stories.

在本文中，我將借鑒針對極端用戶進行設計的設計思想概念，并且我將認為針對極端用戶進行設計可以被視為針對可訪問性進行設計的案例。 我將談論飛行員(誰不喜歡飛行員，對嗎？)簡短地提到如何將可訪問性納入角色和包容性角色環境中，而我將深入探討“極限設計”。一個方面，就在告訴您一些角色故事之前。

沒有普通飛行員這樣的東西 (There is no such thing as an average pilot)

(沒有普通用戶) ((There is no average user))

In the 40s the US Airforce was losing many pilots due to crashes. They investigated many possibilities and, like good pilots, landed on the cockpit design: it was designed to the “average” pilot of 1926.

在40年代，由于墜毀，美國空軍失去了許多飛行員。 他們研究了許多可能性，并且像優秀的飛行員一樣，著手進行座艙設計：它是為1926年“普通”飛行員設計的。

They started a new research to fine-tune those measures, but a member of the team compared the 10 physical dimensions believed to be most relevant for design, and found that out of how many of the 4,063 airmen matched all 10 dimensions… ready to make a guess how many they were? I mean, we are talking about the army, you need to have a certain height and weight in order to be allowed to enter at all, how difficult can this be?

他們開始了一項新的研究，以對這些措施進行微調，但是該團隊的一名成員比較了被認為與設計最相關的10個物理尺寸，并發現在4,063名飛行員中有多少個與所有10個尺寸匹配……準備制造猜猜他們有多少？ 我的意思是，我們在談論軍隊時，您需要具有一定的身高和體重才能完全進入，這有多難？

DRUMS ROLLING…

滾筒滾動…

If you guess ZERO, you are correct! None of the 4,063 airmen fit the average range in all 10 dimensions. Not. A. Single. One.

如果您猜測為零，那是對的！ 4,063名飛行員中沒有一個符合所有10個維度的平均射程。 不。 A.單身。 之一。

But hey Lt. Daniels gave it a second chance… what about picking only the 3 most important dimensions? want to try again?

但是嘿，丹尼爾斯中校給了第二次機會……那只選三個最重要的維度呢？ 想再試一次嗎？

(Sorry no drum rolls this time)

(抱歉這次沒有鼓聲)

If you picked 3 dimensions, less than 3.5% would match.

如果選擇了3個尺寸，則小于3.5％的尺寸將匹配。

The data was clear: the average pilot DID NOT EXIST. Designing for the average pilot was designing for NO ONE.

數據很清楚： 平均飛行員DID不存在 。 針對普通飛行員的設計就是針對“無一”的設計。

They learnt the hard way that any system designed around the average person is doomed to fail.

他們了解了以普通人設計的任何系統注定要失敗的艱難方法。

The US Airforce then embraced a new guiding principle: individual fit. Fitting the system to the individual, not the other way around.

然后，美國空軍采用了新的指導原則： 適合個人。 使系統適合個人，而不是相反。

Now sell the idea of individual fit to your contractors.

現在，向您的承包商出售適合個人的想法。

They idea was rejected by the manufactures due to costs, can you imagine the conversation?

他們的想法由于成本而被制造商拒絕，您能想象對話嗎？

– “Come on! Are you kidding? Do you really want us to design individual solutions for each one of your pilots? Are you crazy? They are more than 4000 individual solutions! This year only! Are you going to ask us this craziness every time some new joins?!”

- “來吧！ 你在開玩笑嗎？ 您是否真的要我們為您的每位飛行員設計個性化解決方案？ 你瘋了嗎？ 它們是4000多個單獨的解決方案！ 僅今年！ 每當有新加入時，您要問我們這種瘋狂嗎？！”

But then, we’re not talking about your company or mine, we are talking about the US Air Force… That is where the big bucks are! When the military didn’t budge, the engineers came up with cheap and easy to implement ideas: adjustable seats, adjustable foot pedals, adjustable helmet straps… some of which are standards in other industries nowadays. You know more than one of those right?

但是，然后，我們不是在談論您的公司或我的公司，而是在談論美國空軍……那是大筆錢！ 當軍隊沒有動搖時，工程師們想到了便宜又易于實施的想法：可調節的座椅，可調節的腳踏板，可調節的頭盔帶……其中一些是當今其他行業的標準配置。 您知道其中一項以上嗎？

If this woke your interest, you can find out more in Todd Rose’s book “The end of the average” and Matthew Syed’s “Rebel Ideas: the power of diverse thinking”.

如果這引起了您的興趣，您可以在Todd Rose的書“平均數的盡頭”和Matthew Syed的“反叛思想：多樣化思維的力量”中找到更多信息 。

專注于偏好 (Focus on the preferences)

To incorporate Accessibility into personas, the typical paths would be to focus on different areas like domain, ability, assistive technology. But, today we are not designing accessibility personas focused on established groups nor categories.

要將可訪問性整合到角色中，典型的路徑是將重點放在領域，能力，輔助技術等不同領域。 但是，今天我們并不是在設計針對已建立的組或類別的可訪問性角色。

We are going to focus on features and preferences. Things like flexible presentation, diversity of devices, variation in input methods, multi-language, distracted use… We are keeping assistive tech and ability in mind, we’re not forgetting anyone here!

我們將專注于功能和偏好。 靈活的演示，設備的多樣性，輸入方法的變化，多種語言，分散的使用等……我們牢記輔助技術和能力，我們不會忘記這里的任何人！

但首先，讓我們退后一步 (But first, let’s step back for a second)

Microsoft’s Inclusive Design toolkit which focus on ability and groups their persona spectrum into Permanent, Temporary and Situational scenarios.

微軟的“ 包容性設計”工具包專注于能力，并將其角色譜分為永久性 ， 臨時性和情境方案。

I’ll come back to this later.

我稍后再講。

Designing for the extremes is part of the design thinking methodology used at the D.School in Stanford and Ideo. It is part of the Empathize or Inspiration phase.

極限設計是斯坦福大學和愛迪奧大學D.School使用的設計思維方法論的一部分。 它是“移情”或“靈感”階段的一部分。

Sometimes, we limit ourselves with the average options when there can be a great range of opportunities on the sides.

有時，當雙方都有很多機會時，我們會以平均選擇權來限制自己。

I’m showing you the extreme users card of the Stanford D.School Bootleg deck. You can also find more about this on the Ideo’s design kit methods.

我正在向您展示Stanford D.School Bootleg卡座的極限用戶卡。 您還可以在Ideo的設計套件方法中找到有關此內容的更多信息。

I love the fact that the card reminds us all that users are people (!). I’d also call your attention to extreme users having amplified workarounds which can bring meaningful needs to light that affect everyone else. This is where innovation happens.

我喜歡這張卡片提醒我們所有人用戶都是人(！)。 我還要提醒您注意極端用戶，這些用戶具有不斷擴大的解決方法，這些解決方法可以帶來有意義的需求，從而影響其他所有人。 這就是創新發生的地方。

our construction worker could also be a barista,

我們的建筑工人也可能是咖啡師，

設備網 (A web of Devices)

If we take into account the ocean of devices and different Operative Systems, how can we justify designing for a connected car, a video game console or even a fridge, and not designing for assistive technologies? In 2030 there will probably be 50 Billion IoT connected devices1.

如果我們考慮到大量的設備和不同的操作系統，我們如何證明為聯網汽車，視頻游戲機甚至冰箱設計而不是為輔助技術設計？ 到2030年，可能會有500億個IoT連接設備1。

想像 (Imagine)

Let’s imagine who could be users of subtitles as a wild example: Maybe someone forgot his headsets at home and and cannot wait to watch a video in the bus without sharing it with everyone… Maybe your baby just fell asleep and you don’t want to wake them up, so you’re watching your favourite series with subtitles… Maybe you like to watch Japanese films but you only speak Korean… Sounds familiar? I knew I’d get you with Japanese films!

讓我們想象一下，誰可能是字幕的使用者：也許有人在家忘記了耳機，并且迫不及待地想在公交車上觀看視頻而不與所有人共享……也許您的寶寶剛剛睡著了，而您不想喚醒它們，以便您正在觀看帶有字幕的您最喜歡的系列節目……也許您喜歡看日本電影，但您只會說韓語……聽起來很熟悉嗎？ 我知道我會和你一起看日本電影的！

Ready? Let’s get to it.

準備？ 讓我們開始吧。

莎拉 (Sarah)

“Sarah is a freelancer who likes to work outside, so direct sunshine is usually a problem. She uses latest generation gear, but a proper network is not granted.”

薩拉(Sarah)是一位自由職業者，喜歡在戶外工作，因此陽光直射通常是一個問題。 她使用最新一代的設備，但沒有適當的網絡。”

Now let’s work on her preferences and check constraints and touch points with accessibility:

現在，讓我們研究她的喜好并檢查可訪問性的約束和接觸點：

She needs high contrast options to help her read and work when the sun is shinning on her screen, maybe also zoom if she is a very sunny place. She is working outside, so it can get noisy, so she needs alternative to audio and probably captions for videos. The possibility to work offline and at her own pace with no timers, maybe even a save for later options would be of great help against her connectivity issues, and high performance lightweight websites wouldn’t hurt neither.

當屏幕上有陽光時，她需要高對比度的選項來幫助閱讀和工作，如果她是一個非常陽光明媚的地方，還可能需要縮放。 她在外面工作，所以可能會變得嘈雜，因此她需要替代音頻和視頻字幕的方法。 可以離線工作并按自己的步調運行而無需計時器，甚至可以節省以后的選擇，這對于她的連接問題將大有幫助，而高性能的輕量級網站也不會受到傷害。

Connectivity would be her biggest technology constraint, as a freelance she could have low phases and financial issues or constraints and she we can sat Sarah has visual and hearing impairment touch points.

連通性將是她最大的技術限制，因為自由職業者的階段可能不多，財務問題或限制也很大，而我們可以說，莎拉(Sarah)有視覺和聽覺障礙的接觸點。

麥可 (Michael)

“Michael is a heavy car commuter who listens and answers emails on his car, and uses his voice assistant and screen reader to read documents and browse the web while he is driving, the network is not always stable and he gets easily frustrated when something doesn’t work as expected”

“邁克爾是一個沉重的通勤者，他在汽車上聽和回復電子郵件，并在駕駛過程中使用語音助手和屏幕閱讀器閱讀文檔并瀏覽網絡，網絡并不總是穩定的，當某些事情發生時，他很容易感到沮喪不能按預期工作”

You know the drill, now that we know Michael a bit, let’s work on his preferences and check constraints and touchpoints with accessibility:

您已經了解了演練，現在我們對Michael有了一點了解，讓我們研究他的偏好并使用可訪問性檢查約束和接觸點：

Michael needs a virtual assistant with a voice interface in order to interact with the system and get information while not break any traffic rules, he needs speech recognition to dictate emails, a screen reader to get the information of the email attachments and browse the internet if the attachments are pictures, those need to have an alt text in order to provide him with any useful information. Because he is concentrated in driving he can only perform simple gestures with big touch targets, his wouldn’t understand complicated texts that require concentration, so plain language is a lifesaver, and the possibility to work offline and not lose anything if he loses the connection is highly appreciated.

邁克爾需要一個具有語音接口的虛擬助手，以便與系統交互并獲取信息，同時又不違反任何交通規則，他需要語音識別來指示電子郵件，需要屏幕閱讀器來獲取電子郵件附件的信息并瀏覽互聯網(如果需要)附件是圖片，那些需要有替代文本才能為他提供任何有用的信息。 因為他專心駕駛，所以只能用大觸摸目標執行簡單的手勢，他不會理解需要專心的復雜文本，因此純凈的語言是救生員，并且可以離線工作并且在失去連接時不會丟失任何東西受到高度贊賞。

His constraints are technological and have touchpoints with visual, dexterity, motor and cognitive impairments.

他的限制條件是技術性的，并且具有視覺，靈巧，運動和認知障礙的接觸點。

Because he might be surrounded by distractions, simple and succinct language would help a lot.

因為他可能會分散注意力，所以簡單明了的語言會大有幫助。

看看我們所有人的極端 (Look at the extreme in all of us)

To sum up, as designers, we have the responsibility to include everyone in our design process. Even if there are rejections (there will be) about accessibility, we can turn the wheel and keep focus on other aspects that will cover our users with accessibilities.

總而言之，作為設計師，我們有責任在設計過程中融入所有人。 即使對可訪問性存在拒絕(將會存在)，我們也可以轉動方向盤，繼續關注可為我們的用戶提供可訪問性的其他方面。

If we are creating personas (or proto personas) for our projects, we can focus on the business instead of “accessibility”. When in doubt, you can follow this scheme:

如果我們要為項目創建角色(或原型角色)，則可以專注于業務而不是“可訪問性”。 如有疑問，可以遵循以下方案：

• busy or stressed person <> cognitive impairment
  忙碌或壓力大的人<>認知障礙
• driving a car <> motor + cognitive + vision impairment
  駕駛汽車<>馬達+認知+視力障礙
• foreign language <> speech impairment
  外語<>言語障礙
• Loud environment <> hard of hearing
  嘈雜的環境<>聽力

If you need further examples depending on your industries:

如果根據您的行業需要更多示例：

• Shopping bags / holding a baby<>motor impairment
  購物袋/抱嬰兒<>運動障礙
• Heavy suitcase on wheels <> motor impairment/wheelchair
  車輪上的沉重行李箱<>電機故障/輪椅

Also even if I didn’t mention it before: don’t forget to include diversity in your studies. Try and avoid to design only for a white cis, local, city, abled upper-class male, even if your team still has many of these.

即使我以前沒有提到過：也不要忘記在學習中加入多樣性。 即使您的團隊中仍然有很多這樣的人，也要盡量避免只為白人，當地人，城市人，有能力的上流社會的男性設計。

來源 (SOURCES)

[1] Strategy Analytics. (May 16, 2019). Number of internet of things (IoT) connected devices worldwide in 2018, 2025 and 2030 (in billions) [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://www-statista-com.ezproxy.stadt-koeln.de/statistics/802690/worldwide-connected-devices-by-access-technology/]

[1]策略分析。 (2019年5月16日)。 2018年，2025年和2030年全球物聯網(IoT)連接設備的數量(十億)[圖表]。 在Statista中 。 于2020年4月29日從https://www-statista-com.ezproxy.stadt-koeln.de/statistics/802690/worldwide-connected-devices-by-access-technology/檢索

Todd Rose’s book “The end of the average”

托德·羅斯(Todd Rose)的書“平均數的終結”

Matthew Syed’s “Rebel Ideas: the power of diverse thinking”

馬修·賽義德(Matthew Syed)的“反叛思想：多樣化思維的力量”

Stanford D.School Bootleg

斯坦福·D·學校

Ideo’s design kit methods

Ideo的設計套件方法