1. yum命令

• 全稱：Yellowdog Updater, Modified
• 作用：是 RPM 包管理器的前端工具，用于基于 RPM 的 Linux 發行版（如 CentOS、RedHat、Rocky Linux 等）中進行軟件的自動化安裝、更新、刪除和依賴處理。
• 特點：
  1. 自動解決軟件依賴關系，不需要手動下載安裝依賴包。
  2. 可以從遠程倉庫獲取軟件包，支持網絡更新。
  3. 管理方便，常用在服務器上。

1.1 基本語法

yum [options] [command] [package ...]

• options：可選參數，比如 -y 表示自動回答 yes。
• command：操作命令，如 install、update、remove 等。
• package：軟件包名。

1.2 常用命令

1.安裝軟件

yum install 包名
# 如
yum install -y vim
（-y 表示安裝過程中自動回答 "yes"）

[root@iv-ye20h65dz45i3z346rvs ~]# yum install -y vim
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, versionlock
Determining fastest mirrors
base                                                                                                             | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
docker-ce-stable                                                                                                 | 3.5 kB  00:00:00     
epel                                                                                                             | 4.3 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                                                           | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                                                                          | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
Excluding 2 updates due to versionlock (use "yum versionlock status" to show them)
Package 2:vim-enhanced-7.4.629-8.el7_9.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do

2.更新軟件

yum update 包名[root@iv-ye20h65dz45i3z346rvs ~]# yum update vim
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, versionlock
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Excluding 2 updates due to versionlock (use "yum versionlock status" to show them)
No packages marked for update

3. 刪除軟件

yum remove 包名

[root@iv-ye20h65dz45i3z346rvs ~]# yum remove vim
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, versionlock
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package vim-enhanced.x86_64 2:7.4.629-8.el7_9 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved======================================================================================================================================== Package                          Arch                       Version                                 Repository                    Size
========================================================================================================================================Removing:vim-enhanced                     x86_64                     2:7.4.629-8.el7_9                       @updates                     2.2 MTransaction Summary
========================================================================================================================================Remove  1 PackageInstalled size: 2.2 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transactionErasing    : 2:vim-enhanced-7.4.629-8.el7_9.x86_64                                                                                1/1 Verifying  : 2:vim-enhanced-7.4.629-8.el7_9.x86_64                                                                                1/1 Removed:vim-enhanced.x86_64 2:7.4.629-8.el7_9                                                                                                 Complete!

4.搜索軟件包

yum search 關鍵字

[root@iv-ye20h65dz45i3z346rvs ~]# yum search mysql
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, versionlock
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Excluding 2 updates due to versionlock (use "yum versionlock status" to show them)
========================================================== N/S matched: mysql ==========================================================MySQL-python.x86_64 : An interface to MySQL
MySQL-zrm.noarch : MySQL backup manager
akonadi-mysql.x86_64 : Akonadi MySQL backend support
anope-mysql.x86_64 : MariaDB/MySQL modules for Anope IRC services
apr-util-mysql.x86_64 : APR utility library MySQL DBD driver
collectd-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL plugin for collectd
dmlite-plugins-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL plugin for dmlite
dovecot-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL back end for dovecot
dpm-copy-server-mysql.x86_64 : DPM copy server with MySQL database back-end
dpm-name-server-mysql.x86_64 : DPM name server with MySQL database back-end
dpm-server-mysql.x86_64 : Disk Pool Manager (DPM) server with MySQL database back-end
dpm-srm-server-mysql.x86_64 : DPM SRM server with MySQL database back-end
dspam-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL storage driver for libdspam
exim-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL lookup support for Exim
freeradius-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL support for freeradius
fts-mysql.x86_64 : File Transfer Service V3 mysql plug-in
gnokii-smsd-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL support for Gnokii SMS daemon
holland-mysql.noarch : MySQL library functionality for Holland Plugins
holland-mysqldump.noarch : Logical mysqldump backup plugin for Holland
holland-mysqllvm.noarch : Holland LVM snapshot backup plugin for MySQL
lfc-server-mysql.x86_64 : LCG File Catalog (LFC) server with MySQL database back-end
libdbi-dbd-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL plugin for libdbi
libgda-mysql.x86_64 : Mysql provider for libgda
libnss-mysql.x86_64 : NSS library for MySQL
libodb-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL ODB runtime library from Code Synthesis
libodb-mysql-devel.x86_64 : Development files for libodb-mysql
lighttpd-mod_authn_mysql.x86_64 : Authentication module for lighttpd that uses a MySQL database
lighttpd-mod_mysql_vhost.x86_64 : Virtual host module for lighttpd that uses a MySQL database
mysql++.x86_64 : C++ wrapper for the MySQL C API
mysql++-devel.x86_64 : MySQL++ developer files (headers, examples, etc.)
mysql++-manuals.x86_64 : MySQL++ user and reference manuals
mysql-connector-java.noarch : Official JDBC driver for MySQL
mysql-connector-odbc.x86_64 : ODBC driver for MySQL
mysql-connector-python.noarch : MySQL Connector for Python 2
mysql-mmm.noarch : Multi-Master Replication Manager for MySQL
mysql-proxy.x86_64 : A proxy for the MySQL Client/Server protocol
mysql-proxy-devel.x86_64 : Development files for mysql-proxy
mysql-utilities.noarch : MySQL Utilities
mysqlreport.noarch : A friendly report of important MySQL status values
mysqltuner.noarch : MySQL configuration assistant
nagios-plugins-mysql.x86_64 : Nagios Plugin - check_mysql
nodejs-mysql.noarch : A node.js driver for mysql
opendbx-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL backend - provides mysql support in opendbx
opensips-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL storage support for the OpenSIPS
pcp-pmda-mysql.x86_64 : Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) metrics for MySQL
pdns-backend-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL backend for pdns
perdition-mysql.x86_64 : Library to allow perdition to access MySQL based pop maps
perl-Crypt-MySQL.x86_64 : Emulate MySQL PASSWORD() function
perl-DBD-MySQL.x86_64 : A MySQL interface for Perl
perl-DateTime-Format-MySQL.noarch : Parse and format MySQL dates and times
perl-Test-mysqld.noarch : Mysqld runner for tests
php-ZendFramework-Db-Adapter-Mysqli.noarch : Zend Framework database adapter for mysqli
php-ZendFramework-Db-Adapter-Pdo-Mysql.noarch : Zend Framework database adapter for MySQL PDO
php-mysql.x86_64 : A module for PHP applications that use MySQL databases
php-mysqlnd.x86_64 : A module for PHP applications that use MySQL databases
php-pear-MDB2-Driver-mysql.noarch : MySQL MDB2 driver
php-pear-MDB2-Driver-mysqli.noarch : MySQL Improved MDB2 driver
poco-mysql.x86_64 : The Data/MySQL POCO component
preludedb-mysql.x86_64 : Plugin to use prelude with a MySQL database
proftpd-mysql.x86_64 : Module to add MySQL support to the ProFTPD FTP server
python2-PyMySQL.noarch : Pure-Python MySQL client library
python36-PyMySQL.noarch : Pure-Python MySQL client library
python36-mysql.x86_64 : An interface to MySQL
python36-mysql-debug.x86_64 : An interface to MySQL, built for the CPython debug runtime
qt-mysql.i686 : MySQL driver for Qt's SQL classes
qt-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL driver for Qt's SQL classes
qt3-MySQL.i686 : MySQL drivers for Qt 3's SQL classes
qt3-MySQL.x86_64 : MySQL drivers for Qt 3's SQL classes
qt5-qtbase-mysql.i686 : MySQL driver for Qt5's SQL classes
qt5-qtbase-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL driver for Qt5's SQL classes
redland-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL storage support for Redland
root-sql-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL client plugin for ROOT
rsyslog-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL support for rsyslog
soci-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL back-end for soci
soci-mysql-devel.x86_64 : MySQL back-end for soci
tcl-mysqltcl.x86_64 : MySQL interface for Tcl
voms-mysql-plugin.x86_64 : VOMS server plugin for MySQL
wt-dbo-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL back-end for the Wt::Dbo ORM library
zabbix50-proxy-mysql.x86_64 : Zabbix proxy compiled to use MySQL
zabbix50-server-mysql.x86_64 : Zabbix server compiled to use MySQL
zabbix6.0-proxy-mysql.x86_64 : Zabbix proxy compiled to use MySQL
zabbix6.0-server-mysql.x86_64 : Zabbix server compiled to use MySQL
zabbix6.0-web-mysql.noarch : Zabbix web frontend for MySQL
calligra-kexi-driver-mysql.x86_64 : Mysqwl driver for kexi
dmlite-dpmhead.x86_64 : EMI DPM Head Node (MySQL)
dmlite-dpmhead-domeonly.x86_64 : DPM Head Node (MySQL)
innotop.noarch : A MySQL and InnoDB monitor program
mariadb.x86_64 : A community developed branch of MySQL
mariadb-devel.i686 : Files for development of MariaDB/MySQL applications
mariadb-devel.x86_64 : Files for development of MariaDB/MySQL applications
mariadb-libs.i686 : The shared libraries required for MariaDB/MySQL clients
mariadb-libs.x86_64 : The shared libraries required for MariaDB/MySQL clients
mylvmbackup.noarch : Utility for creating MySQL backups via LVM snapshots
mysql-mmm-agent.noarch : MMM Database Server Agent Daemon and Libraries
mysql-mmm-monitor.noarch : MMM Monitor Server Daemon and Libraries
mysql-mmm-tools.noarch : MMM Control Scripts and Libraries
mytop.noarch : A top clone for MySQL
percona-xtrabackup.x86_64 : Online backup for InnoDB/XtraDB in MySQL, Percona Server and MariaDB
php-phpmyadmin-sql-parser.noarch : A validating SQL lexer and parser with a focus on MySQL dialect
php-udan11-sql-parser.noarch : A validating SQL lexer and parser with a focus on MySQL dialect
phpMyAdmin.noarch : Handle the administration of MySQL over the World Wide Web
zabbix50-dbfiles-mysql.noarch : Zabbix database schemas, images, data and patches
zabbix6.0-dbfiles-mysql.noarch : Zabbix database schemas, images, data and patchesName and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
[root@iv-ye20h65dz45i3z346rvs ~]# 

5.查看軟件包信息

yum info 包名

[root@iv-ye20h65dz45i3z346rvs ~]# yum info git
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, versionlock
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Excluding 2 updates due to versionlock (use "yum versionlock status" to show them)
Installed Packages
Name        : git
Arch        : x86_64
Version     : 1.8.3.1
Release     : 25.el7_9
Size        : 22 M
Repo        : installed
From repo   : updates
Summary     : Fast Version Control System
URL         : http://git-scm.com/
License     : GPLv2
Description : Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an: unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations: and full access to internals.: : The git rpm installs the core tools with minimal dependencies.  To: install all git packages, including tools for integrating with other: SCMs, install the git-all meta-package.

6.列出所有可更新的軟件包

[root@iv-ye20h65dz45i3z346rvs opt]# yum list updates
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, versionlock
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Excluding 2 updates due to versionlock (use "yum versionlock status" to show them)
Updated Packages
GeoIP.x86_64                                                      1.5.0-14.el7                                                   base   
acl.x86_64                                                        2.2.51-15.el7                                                  base   
alsa-lib.x86_64                                                   1.1.8-1.el7                                                    base   
binutils.x86_64                                                   2.27-44.base.el7_9.1                                           updatesbiosdevname.x86_64                                                0.7.3-2.el7                                                    base   
ca-certificates.noarch                                            2023.2.60_v7.0.306-72.el7_9                                    updateschkconfig.x86_64                                                  1.7.6-1.el7                                                    base   
coreutils.x86_64                                                  8.22-24.el7_9.2                                                updatescpio.x86_64                                                       2.11-28.el7                                                    base   
cronie.x86_64                                                     1.4.11-25.el7_9                                                updatescronie-anacron.x86_64                                             1.4.11-25.el7_9                                                updatescryptsetup-libs.x86_64                                            2.0.3-6.el7                                                    base   

7.列出所有已安裝的軟件包

[root@iv-ye20h65dz45i3z346rvs opt]# yum list installed
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, versionlock
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Excluding 2 updates due to versionlock (use "yum versionlock status" to show them)
Installed Packages
GeoIP.x86_64                                               1.5.0-13.el7                                                @anaconda        
acl.x86_64                                                 2.2.51-14.el7                                                  

8.Yum 的軟件倉庫配置文件

[root@iv-ye20h65dz45i3z346rvs opt]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@iv-ye20h65dz45i3z346rvs yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Base.repo  docker-ce.repo  epel.repo  epel-testing.repo

常見操作：

• 修改官方源為阿里云、清華等鏡像源，加快下載速度。

• .repo 文件的結構通常包含：

• [repositoryid]：倉庫 ID

• name：倉庫說明

• baseurl：倉庫地址（可本地/網絡）

• enabled：是否啟用（1=啟用，0=禁用）

• gpgcheck：是否檢查 GPG 簽名

• gpgkey：GPG 公鑰路徑

[root@iv-ye20h65dz45i3z346rvs yum.repos.d]# cat epel.repo 
[epel]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch
baseurl=http://mirrors.ivolces.com/epel/7/$basearch
#metalink=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-7&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7[epel-debuginfo]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch - Debug
baseurl=http://mirrors.ivolces.com/epel/7/$basearch/debug
#metalink=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-debug-7&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7
gpgcheck=1[epel-source]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - $basearch - Source
baseurl=http://mirrors.ivolces.com/epel/7/SRPMS
#metalink=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-source-7&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7
gpgcheck=1

2. 從服務器把數據cp到本地

把ip為115.190.126.xxx服務器中/root/a.txt 文件復制到本地的E盤

scp -P 22 root@115.190.126.xxx:/root/a.txt E:/

3. uname命令

uname（Unix Name）是 Linux 和類 Unix 系統中的一個命令，用于顯示系統的相關信息，例如內核名稱、版本、硬件架構、操作系統類型等。

它通常和 -a 參數結合使用，可以一次性查看完整的系統信息。

基本語法：

uname [OPTION]...

---

如果不加任何參數，默認輸出的是 操作系統的內核名稱（通常是 Linux）。

[root@iv-ye20h65dz45i3z346rvs ~]# uname
Linux

選項	含義	示例輸出
-s	內核名稱 (默認行為)	Linux
-n	網絡節點主機名 (hostname)	myserver.local
-r	內核版本號	5.15.0-107-generic
-v	內核發布版本（包含編譯日期）	#118-Ubuntu SMP Tue Jun 4 14:53:42 UTC 2024
-m	硬件架構 (machine hardware name)	x86_64
-p	處理器類型（可能返回 unknown）	x86_64
-i	硬件平臺（可能返回 unknown）	x86_64
-o	操作系統名稱	GNU/Linux
-a	打印所有信息	綜合輸出

3.1 常用命令

1.查看系統內核版本

uname -r
# 輸出: 5.15.0-107-generic

2.判斷系統是 32 位還是 64 位

uname -m
# 輸出 x86_64 表示 64 位
# 輸出 i686 / i386 表示 32 位

3.獲取完整的系統信息

uname -a

4.擴展說明

• uname 只顯示內核和硬件相關信息，并不會顯示完整的發行版信息。
  如果要查看發行版（如 CentOS、Ubuntu、Debian）的詳細信息，需要用：

cat /etc/os-release
lsb_release -a   # 某些系統需要先安裝 lsb_release