Kotlin-基礎語法練習二

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每個 Kotlin 程序都是由兩種部分組成的：

1、表達式（Expressions）：用于計算值的部分，比如 2 + 3、函數調用、變量賦值等，它們通常會返回一個結果。
2、語句（Statements）：用于執行動作的部分，比如 if 條件判斷、for 循環、println() 打印語句等，它們主要是完成某種操作，而不一定返回值。

這些表達式和語句可以被組織在一起，形成所謂的 代碼塊（Blocks）。
代碼塊就是一組用大括號 {} 包起來的代碼，通常用在函數、控制結構（如 if、when、for）等地方。

Example:

fun sumOf(a:Int,b:Int): Int{return a+b
}fun main(args: Array<String>){val a = 10val b = 5var sum = sumOf(a,b)var mul = a * bprintln(sum)println(mul)
}

Output:

15
50

Kotlin if expression -Kotlin if表達式:

語法規則

if(condition) condition met! 
else condition not met!

在這里插入圖片描述

Example:

fun main(args: Array<String>){val a = 1000val b = 999var c = 1122var max1 = if(a > b) a else bvar max2 = if(c > a) c else aprintln("The maximum of ${a} and ${b} is $max1 " )println("The maximum of ${c} and ${a} is $max2 " )
}

Output:

The maximum of 1000 and 999 is 1000 
The maximum of 1122 and 1000 is 1122

Kotlin Statement

Example:

fun main(args: Array<String>){val sum: Intsum = 100// single statementprintln(sum)                             // Multiple statementsprintln("Hello");println("Geeks!")       
}

Output:

100
Hello
Geeks!

Kotlin Block

Example:

// Start of main block or outer block
fun main(args: Array<String>) {              val array = intArrayOf(2, 4, 6, 8)// Start of inner blockfor (element in array) {                println(element)}                                   // End of inner block}                                           
// End of main block

Output:

Control Flow-控制語句

Kotlin if-else expression

if statement

語法規則

	if(condition) {// code to run if condition is true}

流程圖

Example:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {var a = 3if(a > 0){print("Yes,number is positive")}
}

Output:

Yes, number is positive

if-else statement

語法規則

if(condition) { // code to run if condition is true
}
else { // code to run if condition is false
}

流程圖
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Example:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {var a = 5var b = 10if(a > b){print("Number 5 is larger than 10")}else{println("Number 10 is larger than 5")}
}

Output:

	Number 10 is larger than 5

Example:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {var a = 50var b = 40// here if-else returns a value which // is to be stored in max variablevar max = if(a > b){                  print("Greater number is: ")a}else{print("Greater number is:")b}print(max)
}

Output:

Greater number is: 50

if-else-if ladder expression

語法規則

if(Firstcondition) { // code to run if condition is true
}
else if(Secondcondition) {// code to run if condition is true
}
else{
}

流程圖
在這里插入圖片描述
Example:

import java.util.Scannerfun main(args: Array<String>) {// create an object for scanner classval reader = Scanner(System.`in`)       print("Enter any number: ")// read the next Integer valuevar num = reader.nextInt()             var result  = if ( num > 0){"$num is positive number"}else if( num < 0){"$num is negative number"}else{"$num is equal to zero"}println(result)}

Output:

Enter any number: 12
12 is positive numberEnter any number: -11
-11 is negative numberEnter any number: 0
0 is zero

nested if expression

語法規則

if(condition1){// code 1if(condition2){// code2}
}

流程圖
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Example:

import java.util.Scannerfun main(args: Array<String>) {// create an object for scanner classval reader = Scanner(System.`in`)       print("Enter three numbers: ")var num1 = reader.nextInt()var num2 = reader.nextInt()var num3 = reader.nextInt()var max  = if ( num1 > num2) {if (num1 > num3) {"$num1 is the largest number"}else {"$num3 is the largest number"}}else if( num2 > num3){"$num2 is the largest number"}else{"$num3 is the largest number"}println(max)}

Output:

Enter three numbers: 123 231 321
321 is the largest number

Kotlin while loop

語法規則
```
while(condition) {// code to run
}
```

流程圖

Example:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {var number = 1while(number <= 10) {println(number)number++;}
}

Output:

Example:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {var names = arrayOf("Praveen","Gaurav","Akash","Sidhant","Abhi","Mayank")var index = 0while(index < names.size) {println(names[index])index++}
}

Output:

	PraveenGauravAkashSidhantAbhiMayank

Kotlin do-while loop

語法規則
```
do {// code to run
}
while(condition)
```

流程圖
在這里插入圖片描述
Example:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {var number = 6var factorial = 1do {factorial *= numbernumber--}while(number > 0)println("Factorial of 6 is $factorial")
}

Output:

Factorial of 6 is 720

Kotlin for loop

語法規則

for(item in collection) {// code to execute
}

Range Using a for loop-使用for循環

Example1:

fun main(args: Array<String>)
{for (i in 1..6) {print("$i ")}
}

1 2 3 4 5 6

Example2:

fun main(args: Array<String>)
{for (i in 1..10 step 3) {print("$i ")}
}

1 4 7 10

Example3:

fun main(args: Array<String>)
{for (i in 5..1) {print("$i ")}println("It prints nothing")
}

It prints nothing

Example4:

fun main(args: Array<String>)
{for (i in 5 downTo 1) {print("$i ")}
}

5 4 3 2 1

Example5:

fun main(args: Array<String>)
{for (i in 10 downTo 1 step 3) {print("$i ")}
}

10 7 4 1

Array using for loop-使用for循環的數組
Example1:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {var numbers = arrayOf(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)for (num in numbers){if(num%2 == 0){print("$num ")}}
}

2 4 6 8 10

Example2:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {var planets = arrayOf("Earth", "Mars", "Venus", "Jupiter", "Saturn")for (i in planets.indices) {println(planets[i])}}

Earth
Mars
Venus
Jupiter
Saturn

Example3:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {var planets = arrayOf("Earth", "Mars", "Venus", "Jupiter", "Saturn")for ((index,value) in planets.withIndex()) {println("Element at $index th index is $value")}
}

Element at 0 th index is Earth
Element at 1 th index is Mars
Element at 2 th index is Venus
Element at 3 th index is Jupiter
Element at 4 th index is Saturn

String using a for loop-使用for循環的字符串
Example1:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {var name = "Geeks"var name2 = "forGeeks"// traversing string without using index propertyfor (alphabet in name)   print("$alphabet ")// traversing string with using index propertyfor (i in name2.indices) print(name2[i]+" ")println(" ")// traversing string using withIndex() library functionfor ((index,value) in name.withIndex())println("Element at $index th index is $value")
}

Output:

G e e k s f o r G e e k s  
Element at 0 th index is G
Element at 1 th index is e
Element at 2 th index is e
Element at 3 th index is k
Element at 4 th index is s

collection using for loop-使用for循環的集合
Example:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {// read only, fix-sizevar collection = listOf(1,2,3,"listOf", "mapOf", "setOf")for (element in collection) {println(element)}
}

Output:

1
2
3
listOf
mapOf
setOf

Kotlin when expression

when as a statement
Example1:

fun main (args : Array<String>) {print("Enter the name of heavenly body: ")var name= readLine()!!.toString()when(name) {"Sun" -> print("Sun is a Star")"Moon" -> print("Moon is a Satellite")"Earth" -> print("Earth is a planet")else -> print("I don't know anything about it")}
}

Enter the name of heavenly body: Sun
Sun is a Star
Enter the name of heavenly body: Mars
I don't know anything about it

Example2:

fun main (args : Array<String>) {print("Enter the name of heavenly body: ")var name= readLine()!!.toString()when(name) {"Sun" -> print("Sun is a Star")"Moon" -> print("Moon is a Satellite")"Earth" -> print("Earth is a planet")}
}

Enter the name of heavenly body: Mars
Process finished with exit code 0

when as an expression

Example1:
注意作為表達式else不能缺失，否則會報錯：Kotlin: 'when' expression must be exhaustive, add necessary 'else' branch

fun main(args : Array<String>) {print("Enter number of the Month: ")var monthOfYear  = readLine()!!.toInt()var month= when(monthOfYear) {1->"January"2->"February"3->"March"4->"April"5->"May"6->"June"7->"July"8->"August"9->"September"10->"October"11->"November"12->"December"else-> "Not a month of year"}print(month)
}

Enter number of the Month: 8
August

Example2:

fun main (args :Array<String>) {print("Enter name of the planet: ")var name=readLine()!!.toString()when(name) {"Mercury","Earth","Mars","Jupiter","Neptune","Saturn","Venus","Uranus" -> print("This is a planet")else -> print("This not a planet")}
}

Output:

Enter name of the planet: Earth
This is a Planet

Example3:

fun main (args:Array<String>) {print("Enter the month number of year: ")var num= readLine()!!.toInt()when(num) {in 1..3 -> print("Spring season")in 4..6 -> print("Summer season")in 7..8 -> print("Rainy season")in 9..10 -> print("Autumn season")in 11..12 -> print("Winter season")!in 1..12 -> print("Enter valid month of the year")}
}

Enter the month number of year: 5
Summer season
Enter the month number of year: 14
Enter valid month of the year

Example4:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {var num: Any = "xx"when(num){is Int -> println("It is an Integer")is String -> println("It is a String")is Double -> println("It is a Double")}
}

Output:

It is a String

Example5:

// returns true if x is oddfun isOdd(x: Int) = x % 2 != 0// returns true if x is evevnfun isEven(x: Int) = x % 2 == 0fun main(args: Array<String>) {var num = 8when{isOdd(num) ->println("Odd")isEven(num) -> println("Even")else -> println("Neither even nor odd")}}

Output:

Even

Example6:

// Return s True if company start with "xx"
fun hasPrefix(company: Any):Boolean{
return when (company) {is String -> company.startsWith("xx")else -> false}
}fun main(args: Array<String>) {var company = "xx is a computer science portal"var result = hasPrefix(company)if(result) {println("Yes, string started with xx")}else {println("No, String does not started with xx")}
}