淺嘗Selenium自動化框架

Selenium基本介紹
Selenium原理
Selenium學習要點
寫個Selenium Demo
結束

Selenium基本介紹

Selenium 是一個開源的自動化測試工具，只用于測試 Web 應用程序。它支持多種編程語言（如 Java、Python、C# 等）來編寫測試腳本，同時兼容主流的瀏覽器（如 Chrome、Firefox、Edge 等）。
👉👉👉官網官方文檔
直白點一句話總結：Selenium用來做桌面端（win/mac）上的瀏覽器web自動化。

Selenium原理

+-------------------------------------+
|          Test Script (Client)       |
|     (Python, Java, C#, etc.)        |
+-------------------+-----------------+|WebDriver API (JSON Wire Protocol)|
+-------------------+-----------------+
|          Browser Drivers            |
| (ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver, etc.)   |
+-------------------+-----------------+|Browsers(Chrome, Firefox, Edge, etc.)

Test Script
用戶通過編程語言調用 WebDriver API 來編寫測試用例。
WebDriver API
提供了瀏覽器操作的方法（如 .click(), .get()）。
WebDriver 使用 JSON Wire Protocol 與瀏覽器驅動通信，將測試用例中的操作翻譯成瀏覽器能夠理解的命令。
Browser Drivers
瀏覽器驅動（中間層），將 API 的調用翻譯為瀏覽器可理解的指令。
不同瀏覽器需要不同的驅動程序（如 ChromeDriver、GeckoDriver 等）。
驅動程序將 WebDriver 發出的命令傳遞給瀏覽器。
Browsers 瀏覽器
瀏覽器根據驅動程序的指令執行實際的操作（如打開頁面、點擊按鈕等），并返回執行結果。

Selenium學習要點

我是基于python學習的，步驟非常簡單。

pip install selenium

然后要學一下XPath這種XML查詢語言，就可以開始寫代碼啦。

寫個Selenium Demo

最近蛀牙了，做根管治療，要經常定期掛號，但是那醫生又有點人氣，放號又是隨機時間，經常約不到號，就很尷尬。所以就想做一個自動通知掛號的腳本。

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
import time
import random
from typing import Optional, List
from datetime import datetimedef find_doctor_and_nextpage(driver, doctor_name, hospital_name, department_name):page_index = 0while True:page_index += 1doctors = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="expert_div_1"]/div[*]/div[1]/div[2]')for doctor in doctors:text = doctor.textif doctor_name in text and hospital_name in text and department_name in text:try:# 在當前醫生元素中查找鏈接link_element = doctor.find_element(By.XPATH, './ul/li[1]/span[1]/a')  # 相對 XPathhref = link_element.get_attribute("href")  # 獲取鏈接的 href 屬性print(f"Found the link to the doctor at page {page_index}. href={href}")return hrefexcept Exception as e:print(f"Do not find the doctor link, doctor.text={text}. {e}")# 搜索下一頁try:switch_page_bar = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="page1"]')next_page_btn = switch_page_bar.find_element(By.XPATH, './/*[contains(text(), "下一頁")]')href = next_page_btn.get_attribute('href')if href:print(f"Page {page_index} has been searched completely with no matches found, proceeding to the next page.")time.sleep(random.randint(2, 5))next_page_btn.click()else:print(f"The search has reached the last page {page_index} and no matches found.")return Falseexcept Exception as e:print(f"find_doctor_and_nextpage Error. {e}")return Falsedef search_doctor(driver, base_url, doctor_name, hospital_name, department_name):try:# 打開搜索頁面（基網址傳入）driver.get(base_url)# 定位搜索框并輸入醫生doctor_input = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='txtSearch']")doctor_input.clear()doctor_input.send_keys(doctor_name)# 點擊搜索按鈕search_button = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "/html/body/div[3]/div/div[3]/div/input[3]")search_button.click()try:# 等待跳轉到結果頁面WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(EC.presence_of_all_elements_located((By.XPATH, "//*[@id='expert_div_1']/div[1]")))except Exception as e:print(f"Search the doctor timeout, name={doctor_name}. {e}")return Falsedoctor_link = find_doctor_and_nextpage(driver, doctor_name, hospital_name, department_name)# print(f"doctor_link={doctor_link}")return doctor_linkexcept Exception as e:print(f":Search the doctor failed, name={doctor_name}. {e}")return Falsedef convert_to_datetime(date_str):try:return datetime.strptime(date_str, "%m-%d")except ValueError:return Nonedef parse_target_date(target_date) -> List[datetime]:"""解析入參 target_date，支持單個日期、多個日期和日期范圍。'01-05''01-05, 01-07, 01-19''01-05~02-02'返回日期對象列表。"""if isinstance(target_date, str):if '~' in target_date:  # 日期范圍start_date_str, end_date_str = target_date.split('~')start_date = convert_to_datetime(start_date_str)end_date = convert_to_datetime(end_date_str)return [start_date, end_date] if start_date and end_date else []elif ',' in target_date:  # 多個日期date_str_list = [date.strip() for date in target_date.split(',')]converted_dates = [convert_to_datetime(date_str) for date_str in date_str_list]return [date for date in converted_dates if date]else:  # 單個日期single_date = convert_to_datetime(target_date)return [single_date] if single_date else []return []def check_availability(driver, doctor_link, target_date, target_time: Optional[str]):"""在網頁中檢查是否有目標日期時間的號源"""can_be_appointments = Falsetry:driver.get(doctor_link)try:# 等待跳轉到結果頁面doctor_subscribe = WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, '//*[@class="doctorsubscribe"]')))except Exception as e:print(f"Open link {doctor_link} timeout. {e}")return False# 匹配日期date_items = doctor_subscribe.find_elements(By.XPATH, './div[1]/ul/li/span[1]')parsed_dates = parse_target_date(target_date.strip())matched_indices = []if '~' in target_date:  # 日期范圍if len(parsed_dates) == 2 and isinstance(parsed_dates[0], datetime) and isinstance(parsed_dates[1],datetime):  # 日期范圍start_date, end_date = parsed_datesfor idx, item in enumerate(date_items):item_date = convert_to_datetime(item.text)if item_date and start_date <= item_date <= end_date:matched_indices.append(idx)elif len(parsed_dates) > 1:  # 多個日期for idx, item in enumerate(date_items):item_date = convert_to_datetime(item.text)if item_date and item.text in [date.strftime("%m-%d") for date in parsed_dates]:matched_indices.append(idx)elif len(parsed_dates) == 1:  # 單個日期for idx, item in enumerate(date_items):item_date = convert_to_datetime(item.text)if item_date and item.text == parsed_dates[0].strftime("%m-%d"):matched_indices.append(idx)if len(matched_indices) > 0:print(f"Found the matched date index {matched_indices}")else:print(f"No matched date can be found.")return Falsewhliesubscribe = doctor_subscribe.find_elements(By.XPATH, './div[2]/ul/li')for index in matched_indices:if index < len(whliesubscribe):element = whliesubscribe[index]if "預約" in element.text:can_be_appointments = Trueprint(f"There are available slots on  {date_items[index].text}, and appointments can be made.")return True# 匹配時間print(f"can_be_appointments={can_be_appointments}")except Exception as e:print(f"check_availability Error. {e}")return Falsedef book_appointment(driver):"""執行掛號流程"""try:# 點擊預約按鈕book_button = driver.find_element(By.ID, "book_button")  # 替換為實際 IDbook_button.click()# 填寫必要的預約信息patient_name = driver.find_element(By.ID, "patient_name_input")  # 替換為實際 IDpatient_phone = driver.find_element(By.ID, "patient_phone_input")  # 替換為實際 IDpatient_name.send_keys("測試患者")  # 替換為實際患者姓名patient_phone.send_keys("12345678901")  # 替換為實際聯系電話# 確認預約confirm_button = driver.find_element(By.ID, "confirm_button")  # 替換為實際 IDconfirm_button.click()print("掛號成功！")except Exception as e:print(f"掛號出錯: {e}")def main(base_url, doctor_name, hospital, department, target_date, target_time):"""主程序入口"""driver = webdriver.Chrome()  # 瀏覽器驅動try:# 步驟 1：搜索醫生doctor_link = search_doctor(driver, base_url, doctor_name, hospital, department)if not doctor_link:print("Search doctor failed.")return# doctor_link = 'https://www.xxx.com/UrpOnline/Home/Doctor/2439FC00A213861E30C599CDDD0833B8'# 步驟 2：檢查是否有目標日期的號源if check_availability(driver, doctor_link, target_date, target_time):print(f"找到 {target_date} 的號源，開始預約...")else:print(f"沒有找到 {target_date} 的號源。")finally:# 關閉瀏覽器driver.quit()# 示例調用
if __name__ == "__main__":main(base_url="https://www.xxx.com/UrpOnline/Home/DoctorList/",doctor_name="醫師",# doctor_name="張三",hospital="中山醫院",department="皮膚科",# department="便民門診2",# department="消化內科asdf午間門診", # 第4頁# target_date="01-05~01-06",target_date="01-05~02-01",target_time=None)