2025.04.04
- 英語
- 寫作
- 書信寫作
- 第一段
- 私人信件
- 公務信函
- 語法總結——簡單句
- 簡單句的核心:
- 謂語動詞的變化
- 詞性的拓展
- 限定詞
- 形容詞與副詞
- 介詞短語
- 成分的擴展
- 同位語
- 插入語
- 非謂語動詞
- 每日一句
- 詞匯
- 第一步:辨別
- 第二步:斷開
- 第三步:簡化
英語
寫作
書信寫作
寫作框架:
第一段
私人信件
去信
- 問候: I hope this letter/email finds you well.
- 歡迎 + 問候:Welcome to ……, and I hope this letter/email finds you well/ reaches you in good health.
回信
- 普通:Thank you for your kind letter/email, in which you mentioned that…
- 好/壞事:I was truly delighted/saddened to hear that…
表明目的
The purpose of this letter/email is to…
公務信函
I hope this letter/email finds you well. I, an ordinary consumer/ a senior student(個人名義)/on behalf of ……(集體/機構名義), am writing this letter/email to ……
語法總結——簡單句
簡單句的核心:
主語 + 謂語 + ……
- 主謂
- 主謂賓
- 主謂賓賓
- 主謂賓補
- 主系表
謂語動詞的變化
時態
四種時間:過去將來,過去,現在,將來
四種狀態:一般,進行,完成,完成進行
一般 | 進行 | 完成 | 完成進行 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
過去將來 | would do was/were going to do | - | - | - |
過去 | did | was/were doing | had done | had been doing |
現在 | do/dose | am/is/are doing | have/has done | have/has been doing |
將來 | will do am/is/are going to do | will be doing | will have done | will have been doing |
情態
情態動詞 + do
- 情態動詞:
- must: 必須
- can/could: 能夠/可以
- will/would: 愿意/將要(表示將要時用于將來時態)
- may/might: 可以/可能
- should: 應該
語態
主動語態:主語是謂語動詞的發出者—— I eat an apple
被動語態:主語是謂語動詞的承受者—— An apple is eaten
被動語態:be + done(過去分詞)
在被動語態中,時態通過be動詞表現,如:
- 一般現在時:am/is/are done
- 一般過去時:was/were done
- 一般將來時:will be done / am/is/are going to be done
否定
助動詞 + not表否定:
- do/does/did not do
be動詞、情態動詞、完成時態中的have/has/had 直接加not變否定:
- am/is/are/was/were not
- must/can/could/will/would/may/might/should not
- have/has/had not
強調
助動詞 + 動詞原型:do/does/did do
詞性的拓展
限定詞
冠詞、數詞、名詞所有格……
形容詞與副詞
-
形容詞:
- 作定語:修飾名詞,放在名詞前后
- 作表語:補充說明主語,位于系動詞后
-
副詞:
- 修飾動詞:放在動詞前后
- 頻率副詞??(總是、經常、通常)多放在動詞前
- 否定副詞"不"必須在動詞前
- 修飾句子:放在句子前或句中,通常用逗號隔開
- 語氣副詞??(也許、大概)可靈活出現在句首或句中
- 并非所有句首副詞都需要逗號,如時間副詞常不加
- 修飾形容詞和其他副詞:放在形容詞和其他副詞前后
- 程度副詞"夠"需后置
- 多副詞連用??時,順序一般為:程度→方式→地點→時間
- 修飾動詞:放在動詞前后
-
形容詞與副詞比較級:
- 原級比較:as + 比較內容 + as + 比較對象
- 比較級:adj/adv比較級 + than + 比較對象
- 最高級:adj/adv最高級 + 介詞短語表示比較范圍
介詞短語
介詞后通常接名詞、代詞(賓格)、動名詞(doing)來構成介詞短語。
介詞短語又叫介賓短語,后接的成分作賓語。
- 表時間介詞
- at/on/in
- before/after
- from, since
- by, until
- for
- during
- 表示地點或范圍的介詞
- at/in
- on, above, over/under, below, beneath
- in front of/behind
- near/by, beside, next to
- between, among
- around
- into/out of
- onto/off
- across, through/past
- along
- from/to, towards
- beyond
- within
- 其它用法
- of:……的……(a of b翻譯為b的a)
- about:關于……
- with/without:伴隨著有……/沒有……
- for:
- 為了……(表目的)
- 因為……(表原因)
- 對于……(表對象)
- by
- 通過……方式或方法
- 被……做(被動語態 + by + 動作發出者)
- 相差了……(表變化差額)
- as
- 作為……
- 像……一樣,如同……
- like
- 像……一樣
- 例如,比如
- despite,in spite of:盡管……
成分的擴展
同位語
用來解釋說明名詞,放在名詞后
插入語
用來補充說明句子
非謂語動詞
非謂語動詞有三種:doing/to do/done
- 做主語、賓語、表語:doing/to do
- 做定語、狀語:
- doing 表主動
- to do 表目的
- done 表被動
非謂語動詞作定語時修飾名詞;做狀語時修飾動詞/句子。
每日一句
??Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.?(2007, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
詞匯
meanwhile: adv.與此同時
theft: n.盜竊,偷
credit-card: 信用卡
account: n.賬戶
disclose: v.披露,公開
overshadow: v.使大丟臉面,使掃興;使蒙上陰影
put sb. on notice: 警告某人,警示某人
corporate: n.公司
regulator: n.監管機構,監管者
regulate: v.規定,監管,管理;調節,校準
regulation: n.管理,規則;校準
adequate: adj.充分的,足夠的;適當的
adequately: adv.充分地,足夠地;適當地
第一步:辨別
分裂結構
??Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.?
這里有一處插入式分裂結構,去掉該部分還原句子:
??Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.?
第二步:斷開
根據引導詞斷開句子:
- ??Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
- that puts corporate America on notice —— that 引導從句
- that regulators will act —— that 引導從句
- if firms fail to provide adequate data security. —— if引導從句?
找謂語動詞,是否還能繼續斷開:
- ??Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
- that puts corporate America on notice
- that regulators will act
- if firms fail to provide adequate data security.?
四句話,四個謂語動詞,已經不需要繼續斷開了;
第三步:簡化
去拓展:形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、同位語、插入語、非謂語動詞(作定語、狀語)、冠詞……
找核心:主語、謂語、賓語、表語、補語。
- …… theft …… overshadowed …… decision …… —— ……盜竊使……決定蒙上陰影
- that puts corporate …… on notice —— 它使公司……被通知
- that regulators will act —— 監管者將會行動
- if firms fail to provide …… security —— 如果公司沒有提供……安全