目錄

1、需求分析

2、挑選接口

3、設計博客系統的測試用例

4、設計自動化測試框架

test_add.py:

test_detail.py:

test_getAuthorInfo.py:

test_getUserInfo:

test_list.py:

test_login.py:

logger_util.py:

request_util.py:

yaml_util.py:

---

1、需求分析

根據業務需求，明確接口需要實現的具體功能，如數據的獲取、修改、刪除等操作，以及接口的輸入輸出要求。分析接口直接的依賴關系，確定接口的調用順序和依賴條件。

2、挑選接口

優先選擇核心業務接口、頻繁使用的接口以及容易出錯的接口進行自動化測試。

功能復雜度高、高風險功能、重復性高

我們對博客系統的每個接口都進行自動化測試

1、登錄接口：

2、博客列表頁

3、編輯博客頁

4、獲取用戶詳情

5、獲取博客詳情

6、獲取登錄用戶信息

3、設計博客系統的測試用例

請求方法、請求參數、需要用戶憑證就可以分為登錄狀態和未登錄狀態

針對接口設計測試用例，必須要按照接口文檔來進行設計，除此之外，最好能夠看到接口對應的代碼，查看接口存在的不同響應，針對不同的響應來設計測試用例。

4、設計自動化測試框架

語言選擇：Python

技術棧：pytest框架、request模塊、PyYAML模塊、jsonschema模塊、allure-pytest模塊、logging模塊

集成開發環境：pycharm

如果下一個項目要用和上一個相同的配置的話，可以在上一個項目中創建一個txt文件，將需要安裝的框架和模塊寫進入，然后將此文件在文件夾中復制到新的項目的文件夾里。

再使用就可以將框架和模塊配置好

pip install -r 文件名

我們對每個接口都設計一個測試文件，但是要注意文件名要符合pytest的收集規則。把通用的方法進行封裝

整個項目架構

test_add.py:

'''
添加博客接口
'''
import pytest
from jsonschema import validatefrom utils.request_util import host, Request
from utils.yaml_util import read_yamlclass TestAdd:url = host + "blog/add"schema = {"type": "object","required": ["code","errMsg","data"],"additionalProperties": False,"properties": {"code": {"type": "string"},"errMsg": {"type": "string"},"data": {"type": "boolean"}}}#未登錄狀態下請求add接口 狀態碼都是401def test_add_noLogin(self):r = Request().post(url=self.url)r.status_code == 401#添加博客--添加成功+添加失敗@pytest.mark.parametrize("add",[#添加成功{"title": "接口自動化標題","content": "接口自動化內容","data" : True #在參數化中不僅可以配置請求參數，響應數據中想要校驗的關鍵字段也可以在這配置},#標題為空{"title": "","content": "接口自動化內容","data": False},#內容為空{"title": "接口自動化標題","content": "","data": False},#標題和內容都為空{"title": "","content": "","data": False}])def test_add(self,add):#請求頭token = read_yaml("data.yml","user_token_header")header = {"user_token_header":token}#請求參數json = {"title":add["title"],"content":add["content"]}#發送請求r = Request().get(url=self.url,headers=header,json=json)#驗證jsonschemavalidate(instance=r.json(),schema=self.schema)#instance是接口的返回值#assert關鍵字段的值assert r.json()['data'] == add['data']

test_detail.py:

from jsonschema import validate
import pytest
from utils.request_util import host, Request
from utils.yaml_util import read_yaml#博客詳情頁需要有效的blogId，這個id必須要從博客列表頁的返回值里面的id來獲取
class TestDetail:url = host + "blog/getBlogDetail" #注意blog前面不要加/schema = {"type": "object","additionalProperties": False,"required": [ "code","errMsg","data"],"properties": {"code": {"type": "string"},"errMsg": {"type": "string"},"data": {"type": "object","required": ["id","title","content","userId","deleteFlag","createTime","updateTime","loginUser"],"additionalProperties": False,"properties": {"id": {"type": "number"},"title": {"type": "string"},"content": {"type": "string"},"userId": {"type": "number"},"deleteFlag": {"type": "number"},"createTime": {"type": "string"},"updateTime": {"type": "string"},"loginUser": {"type": "boolean"}}}}}#未登錄狀態下訪問博客詳情頁def test_detail_noLogin(self):url = self.url + "?blogId=1234"r = Request().get(url=url)assert r.status_code == 401#登錄狀態下def test_detail_login(self):url = self.url + "?blogId=" + str(read_yaml("data.yml","blogId"))token = read_yaml("data.yml","user_token_header")header = {"user_token_header":token}r = Request().get(url=url,headers=header)#先通過jsonschema進行校驗validate(instance=r.json(),schema=self.schema)#再進行assert關鍵字段的校驗assert r.json()["code"] == "SUCCESS"#博客詳情頁---blogId錯誤#為空、不存在的、非數字、負數、過長的數字@pytest.mark.parametrize("blogId",["",1234,"nihao",-100,99999999999999999999999999999])def test_detail_fail(self,blogId):# url = self.url + blogId  url本身就是字符串 要拼接blogId必須也是字符串的格式url = self.url#配置參數#request發送請求，參數有三種格式#params:一般是發送get請求可以拼接再url上#data：一般是發送一個post格式的表單的請求#json：發送post方法json格式的參數params = {"blogId":blogId}token = read_yaml("data.yml", "user_token_header")header = {"user_token_header": token}r = Request().get(url=url, headers=header)expect_json = {"code": "FAIL","errMsg": "內部錯誤, 請聯系管理員","data": None}assert r.json() == expect_json

test_getAuthorInfo.py:

from jsonschema import validate
import pytest
from utils.request_util import host, Request
from utils.yaml_util import read_yamlclass TestgetAuthorInfo:url = host + "user/getAuthorInfo"schema = {"type": "object","required": ["code","errMsg","data"],"additionalProperties": False,"properties": {"code": {"type": "string"},"errMsg": {"type": "string"},"data": {"type": ["object","null"],"required": ["id","userName","password","githubUrl","deleteFlag","createTime","updateTime"],"additionalProperties": False,"properties": {"id": {"type": "number"},"userName": {"type": "string"},"password": {"type": "string"},"githubUrl": {"type": "string"},"deleteFlag": {"type": "number"},"createTime": {"type": "string"},"updateTime": {"type": "string"}}}}}#未登錄狀態下訪問接口def test_etAuthorInfo_nologin(self):url = self.url + "?blogId=162202"r = Request().get(url=url)assert r.status_code == 401#登錄狀態下正確請求#有效的blogIddef test_etAuthorInfo(self):blogId = read_yaml("data.yml","blogId")url = self.url + "?blogId=" + str(blogId)#讀取用戶登錄憑證token = read_yaml("data.yml","user_token_header")header = {"user_token_header" : token}#發起請求r = Request().get(url=url,headers = header)#校驗jsonschemavalidate(instance=r.json(),schema=self.schema)assert r.json()['code'] == "SUCCESS"#登錄狀態下異常請求#blogId異常@pytest.mark.parametrize("blogId,expected_code", [("","FAIL"),(1234,"FAIL"),("nihao","FAIL"),(-100,"SUCCESS"),(99999999999999999999999999999,"FAIL")])def test_etAuthorInfo_fail(self,blogId,expected_code):url = self.url#把blogId通過參數進行配置params = {"blogId":blogId}# 讀取用戶登錄憑證token = read_yaml("data.yml", "user_token_header")header = {"user_token_header": token}# 發起請求r = Request().get(url=url, headers=header,params = params)validate(instance=r.json(),schema=self.schema)assert r.json()["code"] == expected_code

test_getUserInfo:

from jsonschema import validatefrom utils.request_util import host, Request
from utils.yaml_util import read_yamlclass TestgetUserInfo:url = host + "user/getUserInfo"schema = {"type": "object","required": ["code","errMsg","data"],"properties": {"code": {"type": "string"},"errMsg": {"type": "string"},"data": {"type": "object","required": ["id","userName","password","githubUrl","deleteFlag","createTime","updateTime"],"properties": {"id": {"type": "number"},"userName": {"type": "string"},"password": {"type": "string"},"githubUrl": {"type": "string"},"deleteFlag": {"type": "number"},"createTime": {"type": "string"},"updateTime": {"type": "string"}}}}}#未登錄狀態下請求接口def test_getUserInfo_nologin(self):r = Request().get(url = self.url)assert r.status_code == 401#登錄狀態下請求接口def test_getUserInfo_login(self):token = read_yaml("data.yml","user_token_header")header = {"user_token_header" : token}r = Request().get(url = self.url,headers = header)#校驗jsonschemavalidate(instance=r.json(),schema=self.schema)#通過斷言校驗關鍵數據assert r.json()["code"] == "SUCCESS"

test_list.py:

from jsonschema import validate
import pytest
from utils.request_util import host, Request
from utils.yaml_util import read_yaml, write_yaml@pytest.mark.order(2)
class TestList:url = host + "blog/getList"schema = {"type": "object","required": ["code","errMsg","data"],"additionalProperties": False,"properties": {"code": {"type": "string"},"errMsg": {"type": "string"},"data": {"type": "array","items": {"type": "object","required": ["id","title","content","userId","deleteFlag","createTime","updateTime","loginUser"],"additionalProperties": False,"properties": {"id": {"type": "number"},"title": {"type": "string"},"content": {"type": "string"},"userId": {"type": "number"},"deleteFlag": {"type": "number"},"createTime": {"type": "string"},"updateTime": {"type": "string"},"loginUser": {"type": "boolean"}}}}}}#未登錄狀態def test_list_nologin(self):r = Request().get(url=self.url)assert r.status_code == 401#請求列表頁---登錄狀態def test_list_login(self):token = read_yaml("data.yml","user_token_header")header = {"user_token_header":token#從yaml文件中讀取數據}r = Request().get(url=self.url,headers = header)#jsonschema校驗validate(instance=r.json(),schema=self.schema) #將http響應體的內容解析為json格式 第一個參數和第二個參數進行對比#關鍵值的校驗assert r.json()['code'] == "SUCCESS"#提權有效的blogid存儲在yaml文件中blogId = {"blogId":r.json()['data'][0]["id"]}write_yaml("data.yml",blogId)

test_login.py:

'''
登錄--接口自動化測試
url:http://8.137.19.140:9090/user/login   POST
form-data{"username":"zhangsan","password":"123456"}
'''
import re
from lib2to3.pygram import python_grammar_no_print_and_exec_statementfrom jsonschema import validate
from utils.request_util import host,Requestimport pytestfrom utils.yaml_util import write_yaml#參數化+jsonschema校驗+關鍵字段的嚴格校驗@pytest.mark.order(1)
class TestLogin:url = host + "user/login"schema = {  #schema是固定的所以可以定義成全局的"type": "object","required": ["code","errMsg","data"],"additionalProperties": False,   #不能有額外的屬性"properties": {"code": {"type": "string"},"errMsg": {"type": "string"},"data": {"type": ["string","null"]}}}
#我們將異常登錄放在正常登錄之前
#只為了避免正常登錄之后，再進行異常登錄，導致登錄態被清空# 異常登錄@pytest.mark.parametrize("login", [# 錯誤的賬號和密碼{"username": "zhang","password": "123","errMsg" : "用戶不存在"},#錯誤的賬號和正確的密碼{"username": "zhang","password": "123456","errMsg": "用戶不存在"},#正確的賬號和錯誤的密碼{"username": "zhangsan","password": "123","errMsg": "密碼錯誤"},#不存在的賬號{"username": "hhh","password": "333","errMsg": "用戶不存在"},#賬號和密碼都為空{"username": "","password": "","errMsg": "賬號或密碼不能為空"},#過長的賬號{"username": "zhehegdhiiwbcicbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb","password": "123456","errMsg": "用戶不存在"},#過長的密碼{"username": "zhangsan","password": "22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222","errMsg": "密碼錯誤"}])def test_login_fail(self,login):data  = {"username": login["username"],"password": login["password"]}r = Request().post(url=self.url, data=data)validate(instance=r.json(), schema=self.schema)assert r.json()["code"] == "FAIL"#因為用戶會有很多，因此需要使用參數化@pytest.mark.parametrize("login",[{"username":"zhangsan","password":"123456",},{"username":"lisi","password":"123456"}])#成功請求登錄接口def test_login_success(self,login):data = {"username": login["username"],"password": login["password"]}r = Request().post(url=self.url,data = data)#校驗#返回的字段類型是否正確#我們可以進一步進行限制 code和data的值肯定是 SUCCESSvalidate(instance=r.json(),schema=self.schema)#斷言返回的接口assert r.json()["code"] == "SUCCESS"assert re.match('\S{100,}',r.json()['data'])#匹配的是返回值里面的data數據#接口返回的data就是其他接口的登錄憑證#將用戶的登錄憑證保存在yaml文件中token = {"user_token_header" : r.json()['data']}write_yaml("data.yml",token) #把接口返回的數據保存在yaml文件中

logger_util.py:

將日志進行分割

2026-01-01.log

2026-01-01-info.log

2026-01-01-err.log

#打印日志，輸出到日志文件中
import logging
import os.path
import time#繼承父類的logging.Filter 并重寫父類的方法
class infoFilter(logging.Filter):def filter(self, record):return record.levelno == logging.INFO
class errFilter(logging.Filter):def filter(self, record):return record.levelno == logging.ERRORclass logger:#1、獲取日志對象---定義類方法@classmethod@classmethoddef getlog(cls): #注意！！！cls.logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) #創建一個日志對象  再給一個模塊名cls.logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)#將日志輸出到日志文件中 --- 希望將日志進行分割，按照日期分開保存，避免日志文件過大不好管理#---將日志按照級別進行分割# 保證logs文件夾存在 必須創建好了才能往里面保存日志文件LOG_PATH = "../logs/"  #當前項目路徑下創建一個文件夾if not os.path.exists(LOG_PATH):  # 判斷這個路徑是否存在os.mkdir(LOG_PATH)  # 如果文件夾不存在就去創建文件夾'''logs./logs/2026-01-01.log./logs/2026-01-01-info.log./logs/2026-01-01-err.log'''now = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")log_name = LOG_PATH + now + ".log"info_log_name = LOG_PATH + now + "-info.log"err_log_name = LOG_PATH + now + "-err.log"#2、創建文件處理器all_handler = logging.FileHandler(log_name,encoding="utf-8")info_handler = logging.FileHandler(info_log_name,encoding="utf-8")err_handler = logging.FileHandler(err_log_name, encoding="utf-8")#3、設置日志格式formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(levelname)s [%(name)s] [%(filename)s (%(funcName)s:%(lineno)d)] - %(message)s")all_handler.setFormatter(formatter)info_handler.setFormatter(formatter)err_handler.setFormatter(formatter)#添加文件過濾器info_handler.addFilter(infoFilter())err_handler.addFilter(errFilter())#4、將文件處理器添加到日志記錄器中cls.logger.addHandler(all_handler)cls.logger.addHandler(info_handler)cls.logger.addHandler(err_handler)return cls.logger #返回類方法里面的logger對象

request_util.py:

#封裝請求方法，是get還是post
import requests
from utils.logger_util import loggerhost = "http://8.137.19.140:9090/" #這些都是重復的 設置為全局變量class Request:log = logger.getlog() #通過類來獲得日志對象def get(self,url,**kwargs):self.log.info("準備發起get請求，url:"+url)self.log.info("接口信息：{}".format(kwargs))r = requests.get(url=url,**kwargs)self.log.info("接口響應狀態碼：{}".format(r.status_code))self.log.info("接口響應內容：{}".format(r.text))return rdef post(self, url, **kwargs):self.log.info("準備發起post請求，url:" + url)self.log.info("接口信息：{}".format(kwargs))r = requests.post(url=url, **kwargs)self.log.info("接口響應狀態碼：{}".format(r.status_code))self.log.info("接口響應內容：{}".format(r.text))return r

yaml_util.py:

#數據也需要存儲在yaml文件里面，從yaml文件中讀取數據、存儲以及清理的工作
'''
yaml相關操作
'''
import osimport yaml#往yaml文件中寫入數據
def write_yaml(filename,data):with open(os.getcwd()+"/data/"+filename,mode="a+",encoding="utf-8") as f:#獲取當前項目的路徑yaml.safe_dump(data,stream=f) #往文件里寫
#讀取數據
def read_yaml(filename,key): #yaml文件是json格式，我們通過key就可以把值讀出來with open(os.getcwd()+"/data/"+filename,mode="r",encoding="utf-8") as f:data = yaml.safe_load(f) #返回所有的json數據return data[key]  #只返回我要查找的數據
#清空
def clear_yaml(filename):with open(os.getcwd()+"/data/"+filename,mode="r",encoding="utf-8") as f:f.truncate()

指定測試用例運行的順序：

pip install pytest-order==1.3.0

現在有很多博客，現在我們進行刪除博客操作之后，再進行執行測試用例就會出現報錯，因為我們獲得的blogId已經失效了，因此我們要指定文件的執行順序

必須保證這兩個的順序：

登錄接口測試用例---獲取用戶登錄憑證再yaml文件中

列表頁接口測試用例 --- 獲取有效blogId保存在yaml文件中

這個可以作用在測試類上，也可以作用在測試方法上

執行測試：

測試報告：

測試時間

測試時間與測試?例數量成正?。?例數量越多，測試時間越?。如果時間太長需要通過優化測試腳本、并?執?和分布式測試環境，可以顯著縮短測試時間。