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全面對比分析Java AWT與Swing GUI框架的架構差異、性能表現和適用場景，提供完整的AWT到Swing遷移實戰指南，包含15+代碼示例、性能測試數據、最佳實踐建議，助你做出明智的技術選型和實現平滑遷移。

Java AWT, Swing, GUI框架對比, 代碼遷移, 性能優化, 輕量級組件, 重量級組件, 跨平臺, 最佳實踐]

前言

在Java GUI開發的歷史長河中，AWT（Abstract Window Toolkit）和Swing是兩座重要的里程碑。隨著現代桌面應用需求的演進，很多項目面臨著從AWT遷移到Swing的技術升級需求。本文將深入解析這兩大GUI框架的本質差異，并提供完整的遷移實戰指南。

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技術架構：重量級 vs 輕量級的本質差異

核心概念對比

組件層次架構對比

事件處理機制對比

特性維度	AWT事件處理	Swing事件處理	優勢分析
事件源	操作系統 + AWT	純Java事件系統	Swing更可控
事件傳播	有限的事件冒泡	完整的事件分發機制	Swing功能更強
自定義事件	受限制	完全支持	Swing擴展性好
性能開銷	系統調用開銷	純Java調用	各有優勢
調試難度	涉及native代碼	純Java調試	Swing更友好

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性能表現：量化對比分析

啟動時間與內存占用

性能測試實戰代碼

// 性能對比測試：創建1000個按鈕的時間測試
public class PerformanceComparison {public static void main(String[] args) {// 測試AWT性能long awtTime = measureAWTPerformance();// 測試Swing性能  long swingTime = measureSwingPerformance();System.out.printf("AWT 創建時間: %d ms%n", awtTime);System.out.printf("Swing 創建時間: %d ms%n", swingTime);System.out.printf("性能差異: %.2f%%%n", ((double)(swingTime - awtTime) / awtTime) * 100);}// AWT性能測試private static long measureAWTPerformance() {long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();Frame frame = new Frame("AWT Performance Test");Panel panel = new Panel(new GridLayout(20, 50));// 創建1000個AWT按鈕for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {Button btn = new Button("AWT-" + i);btn.addActionListener(e -> {// 模擬事件處理System.gc(); });panel.add(btn);}frame.add(panel);frame.setSize(800, 600);frame.setVisible(true);long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();// 清理資源frame.dispose();return endTime - startTime;}// Swing性能測試private static long measureSwingPerformance() {long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();JFrame frame = new JFrame("Swing Performance Test");JPanel panel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(20, 50));// 創建1000個Swing按鈕for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {JButton btn = new JButton("Swing-" + i);btn.addActionListener(e -> {// 模擬事件處理System.gc();});panel.add(btn);}frame.add(panel);frame.setSize(800, 600);frame.setVisible(true);long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();// 清理資源frame.dispose();return endTime - startTime;}
}

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遷移實戰：從AWT到Swing的完整指南

遷移策略概覽

核心組件映射表

AWT組件	Swing替代	遷移難度	注意事項
Frame	JFrame	?	默認關閉操作不同
Panel	JPanel	?	布局管理器完全兼容
Button	JButton	?	事件處理機制相同
TextField	JTextField	??	文檔模型更復雜
TextArea	JTextArea + JScrollPane	???	需要手動添加滾動支持
List	JList	???	數據模型變化較大
Choice	JComboBox	??	API略有差異
MenuBar	JMenuBar	??	基本兼容

實戰遷移示例：登錄窗口

原AWT版本

// 原始AWT登錄窗口實現
public class AWTLoginWindow extends Frame {private TextField usernameField;private TextField passwordField;private Button loginButton;private Label statusLabel;public AWTLoginWindow() {setTitle("AWT 登錄窗口");setLayout(new BorderLayout());// 創建主面板Panel mainPanel = new Panel(new GridBagLayout());GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();// 用戶名輸入gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 0;gbc.insets = new Insets(10, 10, 5, 5);mainPanel.add(new Label("用戶名:"), gbc);gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;usernameField = new TextField(20);mainPanel.add(usernameField, gbc);// 密碼輸入gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 1;gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.NONE;mainPanel.add(new Label("密碼:"), gbc);gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;passwordField = new TextField(20);passwordField.setEchoChar('*');  // AWT密碼字段mainPanel.add(passwordField, gbc);// 登錄按鈕gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 2; gbc.gridwidth = 2;gbc.insets = new Insets(15, 10, 10, 10);loginButton = new Button("登錄");loginButton.addActionListener(this::handleLogin);mainPanel.add(loginButton, gbc);// 狀態標簽statusLabel = new Label("請輸入用戶名和密碼");statusLabel.setAlignment(Label.CENTER);add(mainPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);add(statusLabel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);// 窗口設置setSize(350, 180);setLocationRelativeTo(null);// AWT窗口關閉處理addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {@Overridepublic void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {System.exit(0);}});}private void handleLogin(ActionEvent e) {String username = usernameField.getText();String password = passwordField.getText();if (username.isEmpty() || password.isEmpty()) {statusLabel.setText("請填寫完整信息");statusLabel.setForeground(Color.RED);return;}// 模擬登錄驗證if ("admin".equals(username) && "123456".equals(password)) {statusLabel.setText("登錄成功！");statusLabel.setForeground(Color.GREEN);} else {statusLabel.setText("用戶名或密碼錯誤");statusLabel.setForeground(Color.RED);}}public static void main(String[] args) {new AWTLoginWindow().setVisible(true);}
}

遷移后Swing版本

// 遷移后的Swing登錄窗口實現
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;public class SwingLoginWindow extends JFrame {private JTextField usernameField;private JPasswordField passwordField;  // 專門的密碼字段private JButton loginButton;private JLabel statusLabel;public SwingLoginWindow() {setTitle("Swing 登錄窗口");setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);  // Swing簡化的關閉處理initializeComponents();setupLayout();setupEventHandlers();// 窗口設置setSize(400, 220);setLocationRelativeTo(null);setResizable(false);// 設置Look and Feeltry {UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeel());SwingUtilities.updateComponentTreeUI(this);} catch (Exception e) {// 使用默認外觀}}private void initializeComponents() {usernameField = new JTextField(20);passwordField = new JPasswordField(20);loginButton = new JButton("登錄");statusLabel = new JLabel("請輸入用戶名和密碼", JLabel.CENTER);// 設置字體和樣式Font labelFont = new Font("微軟雅黑", Font.PLAIN, 12);statusLabel.setFont(labelFont);// 設置提示文本（Swing特有功能）usernameField.setToolTipText("請輸入用戶名");passwordField.setToolTipText("請輸入密碼");// 設置按鈕樣式loginButton.setBackground(new Color(70, 130, 180));loginButton.setForeground(Color.WHITE);loginButton.setFocusPainted(false);}private void setupLayout() {JPanel mainPanel = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout());mainPanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(20, 20, 10, 20));GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();// 用戶名標簽和輸入框gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 0;gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.WEST;gbc.insets = new Insets(5, 0, 5, 10);mainPanel.add(new JLabel("用戶名:"), gbc);gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;gbc.weightx = 1.0;mainPanel.add(usernameField, gbc);// 密碼標簽和輸入框gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 1;gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.NONE;gbc.weightx = 0;mainPanel.add(new JLabel("密碼:"), gbc);gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;gbc.weightx = 1.0;mainPanel.add(passwordField, gbc);// 登錄按鈕gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 2; gbc.gridwidth = 2;gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.NONE;gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.CENTER;gbc.insets = new Insets(20, 0, 10, 0);gbc.weightx = 0;mainPanel.add(loginButton, gbc);// 使用Swing的內容面板getContentPane().setLayout(new BorderLayout());getContentPane().add(mainPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);getContentPane().add(statusLabel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);// 添加狀態標簽邊框statusLabel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(BorderFactory.createLoweredBevelBorder(),BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(5, 10, 5, 10)));}private void setupEventHandlers() {// 按鈕點擊事件loginButton.addActionListener(this::handleLogin);// 回車鍵觸發登錄passwordField.addActionListener(this::handleLogin);// 實時輸入驗證（Swing特有功能）DocumentListener inputValidator = new DocumentListener() {public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { validateInput(); }public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { validateInput(); }public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { validateInput(); }};usernameField.getDocument().addDocumentListener(inputValidator);passwordField.getDocument().addDocumentListener(inputValidator);}private void validateInput() {boolean isValid = !usernameField.getText().trim().isEmpty() && passwordField.getPassword().length > 0;loginButton.setEnabled(isValid);if (!isValid && !statusLabel.getText().equals("請輸入用戶名和密碼")) {updateStatus("請輸入用戶名和密碼", Color.BLACK);}}private void handleLogin(ActionEvent e) {String username = usernameField.getText().trim();char[] passwordChars = passwordField.getPassword();String password = new String(passwordChars);// 安全清理密碼數組Arrays.fill(passwordChars, '\0');if (username.isEmpty() || password.isEmpty()) {updateStatus("請填寫完整信息", Color.RED);return;}// 禁用按鈕防止重復提交loginButton.setEnabled(false);loginButton.setText("登錄中...");// 模擬異步登錄驗證（使用SwingWorker）SwingWorker<Boolean, Void> loginWorker = new SwingWorker<Boolean, Void>() {@Overrideprotected Boolean doInBackground() throws Exception {// 模擬網絡請求延遲Thread.sleep(1000);return "admin".equals(username) && "123456".equals(password);}@Overrideprotected void done() {try {boolean loginSuccess = get();if (loginSuccess) {updateStatus("登錄成功！", new Color(0, 120, 0));// 顯示成功對話框JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(SwingLoginWindow.this,"歡迎，" + username + "！","登錄成功",JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);} else {updateStatus("用戶名或密碼錯誤", Color.RED);passwordField.selectAll();  // 選中密碼便于重新輸入passwordField.requestFocus();}} catch (Exception ex) {updateStatus("登錄過程中發生錯誤", Color.RED);} finally {loginButton.setText("登錄");validateInput();  // 重新啟用按鈕}}};loginWorker.execute();}private void updateStatus(String message, Color color) {statusLabel.setText(message);statusLabel.setForeground(color);}public static void main(String[] args) {// 設置Swing在EDT線程中啟動SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {try {// 設置系統外觀UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeel());} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}new SwingLoginWindow().setVisible(true);});}
}

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最佳實踐與性能優化

遷移最佳實踐

1. 漸進式遷移策略

// 混合模式：AWT容器 + Swing組件（過渡階段）
public class HybridWindow extends Frame {private JPanel swingPanel;public HybridWindow() {setTitle("AWT-Swing 混合窗口");// AWT容器setLayout(new BorderLayout());// 嵌入Swing面板swingPanel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout());// 添加Swing組件JButton swingButton = new JButton("Swing按鈕");JTextField swingField = new JTextField("Swing輸入框", 15);swingPanel.add(swingButton);swingPanel.add(swingField);// 添加到AWT窗口add(swingPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);// 重要：設置輕量級組件混合模式JPopupMenu.setDefaultLightWeightPopupEnabled(false);ToolTipManager.sharedInstance().setLightWeightPopupEnabled(false);setSize(400, 150);setLocationRelativeTo(null);addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {@Overridepublic void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {System.exit(0);}});}public static void main(String[] args) {SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {new HybridWindow().setVisible(true);});}
}

2. 線程安全的UI更新

// 線程安全的Swing UI更新模式
public class ThreadSafeUpdater {private JLabel statusLabel;private JProgressBar progressBar;// 錯誤方式：直接在后臺線程更新UIpublic void badUpdateUI() {new Thread(() -> {// ? 危險！非EDT線程直接更新UIstatusLabel.setText("處理中...");progressBar.setValue(50);}).start();}// 正確方式：使用SwingUtilities確保線程安全public void goodUpdateUI() {new Thread(() -> {// 后臺處理String result = performBackgroundTask();int progress = calculateProgress();// ? 安全：在EDT線程中更新UISwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {statusLabel.setText(result);progressBar.setValue(progress);});}).start();}// 最佳方式：使用SwingWorkerpublic void bestUpdateUI() {SwingWorker<String, Integer> worker = new SwingWorker<String, Integer>() {@Overrideprotected String doInBackground() throws Exception {for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i += 10) {Thread.sleep(100);publish(i);  // 發布進度更新}return "任務完成";}@Overrideprotected void process(List<Integer> chunks) {// 在EDT中處理進度更新if (!chunks.isEmpty()) {progressBar.setValue(chunks.get(chunks.size() - 1));}}@Overrideprotected void done() {try {statusLabel.setText(get());} catch (Exception e) {statusLabel.setText("任務失敗：" + e.getMessage());}}};worker.execute();}private String performBackgroundTask() {// 模擬耗時操作try {Thread.sleep(2000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {Thread.currentThread().interrupt();}return "任務完成";}private int calculateProgress() {return 100;}
}

3. 內存優化策略

// Swing內存優化最佳實踐
public class MemoryOptimizedSwing extends JFrame {private final int LARGE_LIST_SIZE = 10000;public MemoryOptimizedSwing() {setTitle("內存優化示例");setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);initOptimizedComponents();setSize(600, 400);setLocationRelativeTo(null);}private void initOptimizedComponents() {// 1. 使用虛擬化列表處理大數據集DefaultListModel<String> listModel = new DefaultListModel<>();for (int i = 0; i < LARGE_LIST_SIZE; i++) {listModel.addElement("項目 " + i);}JList<String> list = new JList<>(listModel);// 設置可見行數減少內存占用list.setVisibleRowCount(20);// 使用原型值優化渲染性能list.setPrototypeCellValue("項目 99999");JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane(list);// 2. 優化表格內存使用String[] columnNames = {"ID", "名稱", "狀態", "時間"};DefaultTableModel tableModel = new DefaultTableModel(columnNames, 0) {@Overridepublic Class<?> getColumnClass(int column) {// 正確指定列類型，提高渲染效率switch (column) {case 0: return Integer.class;case 1: return String.class;case 2: return Boolean.class;case 3: return java.util.Date.class;default: return Object.class;}}};// 添加示例數據for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {tableModel.addRow(new Object[]{i, "項目" + i, i % 2 == 0, new java.util.Date()});}JTable table = new JTable(tableModel);// 設置表格優化table.setAutoResizeMode(JTable.AUTO_RESIZE_OFF);table.setRowHeight(25);// 使用弱引用監聽器避免內存泄漏WeakReference<MemoryOptimizedSwing> windowRef = new WeakReference<>(this);table.getSelectionModel().addListSelectionListener(e -> {MemoryOptimizedSwing window = windowRef.get();if (window != null && !e.getValueIsAdjusting()) {// 處理選擇事件window.handleTableSelection(table.getSelectedRow());}});JScrollPane tableScroll = new JScrollPane(table);// 3. 使用分割面板JSplitPane splitPane = new JSplitPane(JSplitPane.HORIZONTAL_SPLIT,scrollPane,tableScroll);splitPane.setDividerLocation(200);// 4. 內存監控面板JPanel memoryPanel = createMemoryMonitorPanel();setLayout(new BorderLayout());add(splitPane, BorderLayout.CENTER);add(memoryPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);}private JPanel createMemoryMonitorPanel() {JPanel panel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout());JLabel memoryLabel = new JLabel();JButton gcButton = new JButton("執行GC");// 內存使用監控Timer memoryTimer = new Timer(1000, e -> {Runtime runtime = Runtime.getRuntime();long usedMemory = runtime.totalMemory() - runtime.freeMemory();long maxMemory = runtime.maxMemory();memoryLabel.setText(String.format("內存使用: %.1f MB / %.1f MB (%.1f%%)",usedMemory / 1024.0 / 1024.0,maxMemory / 1024.0 / 1024.0,(double) usedMemory / maxMemory * 100));});memoryTimer.start();gcButton.addActionListener(e -> {System.gc();// 可選：顯示GC后的內存狀態});panel.add(memoryLabel);panel.add(gcButton);return panel;}private void handleTableSelection(int row) {if (row >= 0) {System.out.println("選中行: " + row);}}public static void main(String[] args) {SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {// 設置系統外觀try {UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeel());} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}new MemoryOptimizedSwing().setVisible(true);});}
}

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常見問題與解決方案

Q1: 為什么Swing組件在AWT容器中顯示異常？

解決方案：

// 混合使用時的正確設置
public void setupAWTSwingMixing() {// 1. 禁用輕量級彈出菜單JPopupMenu.setDefaultLightWeightPopupEnabled(false);// 2. 禁用輕量級工具提示ToolTipManager.sharedInstance().setLightWeightPopupEnabled(false);// 3. 設置混合模式System.setProperty("sun.awt.noerasebackground", "true");// 4. 使用重量級容器包裝Swing組件Panel heavyweightPanel = new Panel(new BorderLayout());JPanel lightweightPanel = new JPanel();// 添加Swing組件到輕量級面板lightweightPanel.add(new JButton("Swing按鈕"));// 將輕量級面板添加到重量級容器heavyweightPanel.add(lightweightPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
}

Q2: 如何處理Look and Feel切換問題？

// 動態切換Look and Feel
public class LookAndFeelSwitcher {private JFrame frame;private JMenuBar menuBar;public void setupLookAndFeelMenu() {JMenu lafMenu = new JMenu("外觀主題");// 獲取所有可用的Look and FeelUIManager.LookAndFeelInfo[] lafs = UIManager.getInstalledLookAndFeels();ButtonGroup lafGroup = new ButtonGroup();for (UIManager.LookAndFeelInfo laf : lafs) {JRadioButtonMenuItem menuItem = new JRadioButtonMenuItem(laf.getName());menuItem.addActionListener(e -> switchLookAndFeel(laf.getClassName()));lafGroup.add(menuItem);lafMenu.add(menuItem);// 標記當前主題if (laf.getClassName().equals(UIManager.getLookAndFeel().getClass().getName())) {menuItem.setSelected(true);}}menuBar.add(lafMenu);}private void switchLookAndFeel(String lafClassName) {try {UIManager.setLookAndFeel(lafClassName);SwingUtilities.updateComponentTreeUI(frame);frame.pack();  // 重新計算大小} catch (Exception e) {JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(frame,"切換外觀主題失敗: " + e.getMessage(),"錯誤",JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);}}
}

Q3: 大數據量列表和表格的性能優化？

// 大數據量組件的性能優化
public class LargeDataOptimization {// 虛擬化JList實現public JList<String> createVirtualizedList(List<String> data) {// 使用自定義模型實現延遲加載AbstractListModel<String> model = new AbstractListModel<String>() {@Overridepublic int getSize() {return data.size();}@Overridepublic String getElementAt(int index) {// 只有在需要顯示時才加載數據return data.get(index);}};JList<String> list = new JList<>(model);// 優化設置list.setVisibleRowCount(50);  // 限制可見行數list.setFixedCellHeight(20);  // 固定行高提高性能list.setPrototypeCellValue("典型數據項用于計算寬度");return list;}// 分頁表格實現public class PaginatedTableModel extends AbstractTableModel {private final List<Object[]> allData;private final int pageSize;private int currentPage = 0;private final String[] columnNames;public PaginatedTableModel(List<Object[]> data, String[] columns, int pageSize) {this.allData = data;this.columnNames = columns;this.pageSize = pageSize;}@Overridepublic int getRowCount() {int startIndex = currentPage * pageSize;int endIndex = Math.min(startIndex + pageSize, allData.size());return Math.max(0, endIndex - startIndex);}@Overridepublic int getColumnCount() {return columnNames.length;}@Overridepublic String getColumnName(int column) {return columnNames[column];}@Overridepublic Object getValueAt(int rowIndex, int columnIndex) {int actualIndex = currentPage * pageSize + rowIndex;if (actualIndex < allData.size()) {return allData.get(actualIndex)[columnIndex];}return null;}public void setPage(int page) {this.currentPage = page;fireTableDataChanged();}public int getTotalPages() {return (allData.size() + pageSize - 1) / pageSize;}}
}

Q4: 如何實現響應式布局？

// 響應式Swing布局實現
public class ResponsiveLayout extends JFrame implements ComponentListener {private JPanel mainPanel;private CardLayout cardLayout;public ResponsiveLayout() {setTitle("響應式布局示例");setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);cardLayout = new CardLayout();mainPanel = new JPanel(cardLayout);// 創建不同尺寸的布局mainPanel.add(createCompactLayout(), "COMPACT");mainPanel.add(createNormalLayout(), "NORMAL");mainPanel.add(createExpendedLayout(), "EXPANDED");add(mainPanel);// 監聽窗口大小變化addComponentListener(this);setSize(800, 600);setLocationRelativeTo(null);// 初始布局選擇updateLayout();}private JPanel createCompactLayout() {JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());// 緊湊型工具欄JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar();toolbar.setFloatable(false);toolbar.add(new JButton("新建"));toolbar.add(new JButton("保存"));toolbar.addSeparator();toolbar.add(new JComboBox<>(new String[]{"選項1", "選項2"}));// 簡化的內容區JTextArea textArea = new JTextArea("緊湊布局內容區域");panel.add(toolbar, BorderLayout.NORTH);panel.add(new JScrollPane(textArea), BorderLayout.CENTER);return panel;}private JPanel createNormalLayout() {JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());// 標準工具欄和菜單JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();menuBar.add(new JMenu("文件"));menuBar.add(new JMenu("編輯"));setJMenuBar(menuBar);JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar();toolbar.add(new JButton("新建"));toolbar.add(new JButton("打開"));toolbar.add(new JButton("保存"));toolbar.addSeparator();toolbar.add(new JLabel("查找:"));toolbar.add(new JTextField(15));// 分割面板JSplitPane splitPane = new JSplitPane(JSplitPane.HORIZONTAL_SPLIT,createSidePanel(),new JScrollPane(new JTextArea("標準布局內容區域")));splitPane.setDividerLocation(200);panel.add(toolbar, BorderLayout.NORTH);panel.add(splitPane, BorderLayout.CENTER);panel.add(createStatusBar(), BorderLayout.SOUTH);return panel;}private JPanel createExpendedLayout() {JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());// 豐富的工具面板JTabbedPane tabbedPane = new JTabbedPane();tabbedPane.addTab("編輯", new JScrollPane(new JTextArea("擴展布局 - 編輯區")));tabbedPane.addTab("預覽", new JScrollPane(new JLabel("擴展布局 - 預覽區", JLabel.CENTER)));tabbedPane.addTab("屬性", createPropertyPanel());JSplitPane mainSplit = new JSplitPane(JSplitPane.HORIZONTAL_SPLIT,createExpandedSidePanel(),tabbedPane);mainSplit.setDividerLocation(250);panel.add(createExpandedToolBar(), BorderLayout.NORTH);panel.add(mainSplit, BorderLayout.CENTER);panel.add(createStatusBar(), BorderLayout.SOUTH);return panel;}private JPanel createSidePanel() {JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("導航"));String[] items = {"項目1", "項目2", "項目3"};JList<String> list = new JList<>(items);panel.add(new JScrollPane(list), BorderLayout.CENTER);return panel;}private JPanel createExpandedSidePanel() {JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());JTabbedPane sideTabs = new JTabbedPane(JTabbedPane.LEFT);sideTabs.addTab("文件", createFileTree());sideTabs.addTab("大綱", new JScrollPane(new JList<>(new String[]{"章節1", "章節2"})));panel.add(sideTabs, BorderLayout.CENTER);return panel;}private JComponent createFileTree() {// 簡化的文件樹DefaultMutableTreeNode root = new DefaultMutableTreeNode("項目");root.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("src"));root.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("resources"));return new JScrollPane(new JTree(root));}private JPanel createPropertyPanel() {JPanel panel = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout());GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 0; gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.WEST;panel.add(new JLabel("屬性1:"), gbc);gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;panel.add(new JTextField(20), gbc);return panel;}private JToolBar createExpandedToolBar() {JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar();// 文件操作組toolbar.add(new JButton("新建"));toolbar.add(new JButton("打開"));toolbar.add(new JButton("保存"));toolbar.addSeparator();// 編輯操作組toolbar.add(new JButton("撤銷"));toolbar.add(new JButton("重做"));toolbar.addSeparator();// 格式化操作組toolbar.add(new JToggleButton("粗體"));toolbar.add(new JToggleButton("斜體"));toolbar.addSeparator();// 查找替換toolbar.add(new JLabel("查找:"));toolbar.add(new JTextField(15));toolbar.add(new JButton("查找"));return toolbar;}private JPanel createStatusBar() {JPanel statusBar = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());statusBar.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLoweredBevelBorder());statusBar.add(new JLabel("就緒"), BorderLayout.WEST);statusBar.add(new JLabel("行 1, 列 1"), BorderLayout.EAST);return statusBar;}private void updateLayout() {Dimension size = getSize();String layoutName;if (size.width < 600) {layoutName = "COMPACT";} else if (size.width < 1000) {layoutName = "NORMAL";} else {layoutName = "EXPANDED";}cardLayout.show(mainPanel, layoutName);}@Overridepublic void componentResized(ComponentEvent e) {updateLayout();}@Overridepublic void componentMoved(ComponentEvent e) {}@Overridepublic void componentShown(ComponentEvent e) {}@Overridepublic void componentHidden(ComponentEvent e) {}public static void main(String[] args) {SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {new ResponsiveLayout().setVisible(true);});}
}

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總結與擴展學習

技術演進路線圖

timelinetitle Java GUI技術演進1995 : AWT 1.0 發布: 重量級組件架構: 基礎GUI功能1997 : Swing 1.0 發布  : 輕量級組件架構: 可插拔外觀2006 : Swing改進: SwingWorker引入: 性能優化2011 : JavaFX興起: 現代UI技術: Web集成2025 : 現代選擇: JavaFX成熟: Web技術整合

延伸學習資源

📚 推薦書籍

• 《Swing實戰》 - 深入Swing組件和架構設計
• 《Java桌面應用開發實戰》 - 完整項目案例分析
• 《Effective Java》 - GUI編程最佳實踐

🛠? 實用工具推薦

• WindowBuilder - Eclipse可視化GUI設計插件
• NetBeans GUI Builder - 所見即所得的界面設計
• JFormDesigner - 專業的Swing界面設計工具
• SwingX - Swing組件擴展庫

🌐 在線資源

• Oracle Swing教程 - 官方權威教程
• Modern Swing開發 - 現代化外觀主題

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