1 問題描述

Description

In order to get from one of the F (1 <= F <= 5,000) grazing fields (which are numbered 1..F) to another field, Bessie and the rest of the herd are forced to cross near the Tree of Rotten Apples. The cows are now tired of often being forced to take a particular path and want to build some new paths so that they will always have a choice of at least two separate routes between any pair of fields. They currently have at least one route between each pair of fields and want to have at least two. Of course, they can only travel on Official Paths when they move from one field to another.

Given a description of the current set of R (F-1 <= R <= 10,000) paths that each connect exactly two different fields, determine the minimum number of new paths (each of which connects exactly two fields) that must be built so that there are at least two separate routes between any pair of fields. Routes are considered separate if they use none of the same paths, even if they visit the same intermediate field along the way.

There might already be more than one paths between the same pair of fields, and you may also build a new path that connects the same fields as some other path.

Input

Line 1: Two space-separated integers: F and R

Lines 2..R+1: Each line contains two space-separated integers which are the fields at the endpoints of some path.

Output

Line 1: A single integer that is the number of new paths that must be built.

Sample Input

7 7

1 2

2 3

3 4

2 5

4 5

5 6

5 7

Sample Output

2

Hint

Explanation of the sample:

One visualization of the paths is:

1 2 3

+---+---+

| |

| |

6 +---+---+ 4

/ 5

/

/

7 +

Building new paths from 1 to 6 and from 4 to 7 satisfies the conditions.

1 2 3

+---+---+

: | |

: | |

6 +---+---+ 4

/ 5 :

/ :

/ :

7 + - - - -

Check some of the routes:

1 – 2: 1 –> 2 and 1 –> 6 –> 5 –> 2

1 – 4: 1 –> 2 –> 3 –> 4 and 1 –> 6 –> 5 –> 4

3 – 7: 3 –> 4 –> 7 and 3 –> 2 –> 5 –> 7

Every pair of fields is, in fact, connected by two routes.

It's possible that adding some other path will also solve the problem (like one from 6 to 7). Adding two paths, however, is the minimum.

Source

2 解決方案

具體代碼如下：

packagecom.liuzhen.practice;importjava.util.ArrayList;importjava.util.Scanner;importjava.util.Stack;public classMain {public static int n; //給定圖的頂點數

public static int count; //記錄遍歷次序

public static int[] DFN;public static int[] Low;public static int[] parent; //parent[i] = j，表示頂點i的直接父母頂點為j

public static Stackstack;public static ArrayList[] map;public static ArrayList ans; //存儲給定圖中為橋的邊

static classedge {public int a; //邊的起點

public int b; //邊的終點

public boolean used; //表示邊是否已被訪問

public edge(int a, intb) {this.a =a;this.b =b;this.used = false;

}

}

@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")public voidinit() {

count= 0;

DFN= new int[n + 1];

Low= new int[n + 1];

parent= new int[n + 1];

stack= new Stack();

map= new ArrayList[n + 1];

ans= new ArrayList();for(int i = 1;i <= n;i++) {

DFN[i]= -1;

Low[i]= -1;

parent[i]= -1;

map[i]= new ArrayList();

}

}public void TarJan(int start, intfather) {

DFN[start]= count++;

Low[start]=DFN[start];

parent[start]=father;

stack.push(start);for(int i = 0;i < map[start].size();i++) {

edge temp=map[start].get(i);if(temp.used)continue;int t =temp.b;for(int p = 0;p < map[t].size();p++) {if(map[t].get(p).b ==temp.a) {

map[t].get(p).used= true;break;

}

}

temp.used= true;int j =temp.b;if(DFN[j] == -1) {

TarJan(j, start);

Low[start]=Math.min(Low[start], Low[j]);if(Low[j] > DFN[start]) //當邊temp為割邊(或者橋)時

ans.add(temp);

}else if(j != parent[start]) { //當j不是start的直接父母節點時

Low[start] =Math.min(Low[start], DFN[j]);

}

}

}public voidgetResult() {for(int i = 1;i <= n;i++) {if(parent[i] == -1)

TarJan(i,0);

}int[] degree = new int[n + 1];for(int i = 0;i < ans.size();i++) {int a =ans.get(i).a;int b =ans.get(i).b;

degree[a]++;

degree[b]++;

}int result = 0;for(int i = 1;i <= n;i++) {if(degree[i] == 1)

result++;

}

result= (result + 1) / 2;

System.out.println(result);return;

}public static voidmain(String[] args) {

Main test= newMain();

Scanner in= newScanner(System.in);

n=in.nextInt();int m =in.nextInt();

test.init();for(int i = 0;i < m;i++) {int a =in.nextInt();int b =in.nextInt();

map[a].add(newedge(a, b));

map[b].add(newedge(b, a));

}

test.getResult();

}

}

運行結果：

7 7

1 2

2 3

3 4

2 5

4 5

5 6

5 7

2

參考資料：