http://blog.csdn.net/zsf8701/article/details/7844316
線程的最大特點是資源的共享性,但資源共享中的同步問題是多線程編程的難點。linux下提供了多種方式來處理線程同步,最常用的是互斥鎖、條件變量和信號量。
一、互斥鎖(mutex)
通過鎖機制實現線程間的同步。
- 初始化鎖。在Linux下,線程的互斥量數據類型是pthread_mutex_t。在使用前,要對它進行初始化。
靜態分配:pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
動態分配:int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *mutex, const pthread_mutex_attr_t *mutexattr);
- 加鎖。對共享資源的訪問,要對互斥量進行加鎖,如果互斥量已經上了鎖,調用線程會阻塞,直到互斥量被解鎖。
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex *mutex);
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
- 解鎖。在完成了對共享資源的訪問后,要對互斥量進行解鎖。
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
- 銷毀鎖。鎖在是使用完成后,需要進行銷毀以釋放資源。
int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex *mutex);
- #include?<cstdio>??
- #include?<cstdlib>??
- #include?<unistd.h>??
- #include?<pthread.h>??
- #include?"iostream"??
- using?namespace?std;??
- pthread_mutex_t?mutex?=?PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;??
- int?tmp;??
- void*?thread(void?*arg)??
- {??
- ????cout?<<?"thread?id?is?"?<<?pthread_self()?<<?endl;??
- ????pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);??
- ????tmp?=?12;??
- ????cout?<<?"Now?a?is?"?<<?tmp?<<?endl;??
- ????pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);??
- ????return?NULL;??
- }??
- int?main()??
- {??
- ????pthread_t?id;??
- ????cout?<<?"main?thread?id?is?"?<<?pthread_self()?<<?endl;??
- ????tmp?=?3;??
- ????cout?<<?"In?main?func?tmp?=?"?<<?tmp?<<?endl;??
- ????if?(!pthread_create(&id,?NULL,?thread,?NULL))??
- ????{??
- ????????cout?<<?"Create?thread?success!"?<<?endl;??
- ????}??
- ????else??
- ????{??
- ????????cout?<<?"Create?thread?failed!"?<<?endl;??
- ????}??
- ????pthread_join(id,?NULL);??
- ????pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);??
- ????return?0;??
- }??
- ??
二、條件變量(cond)
互斥鎖不同,條件變量是用來等待而不是用來上鎖的。條件變量用來自動阻塞一個線程,直到某特殊情況發生為止。通常條件變量和互斥鎖同時使用。條件變量分為兩部分: 條件和變量。條件本身是由互斥量保護的。線程在改變條件狀態前先要鎖住互斥量。條件變量使我們可以睡眠等待某種條件出現。條件變量是利用線程間共享的全局變量進行同步的一種機制,主要包括兩個動作:一個線程等待"條件變量的條件成立"而掛起;另一個線程使"條件成立"(給出條件成立信號)。條件的檢測是在互斥鎖的保護下進行的。如果一個條件為假,一個線程自動阻塞,并釋放等待狀態改變的互斥鎖。如果另一個線程改變了條件,它發信號給關聯的條件變量,喚醒一個或多個等待它的線程,重新獲得互斥鎖,重新評價條件。如果兩進程共享可讀寫的內存,條件變量可以被用來實現這兩進程間的線程同步。
- 初始化條件變量。
靜態態初始化,pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIER;
動態初始化,int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_condattr_t *cond_attr);
- 等待條件成立。釋放鎖,同時阻塞等待條件變量為真才行。timewait()設置等待時間,仍未signal,返回ETIMEOUT(加鎖保證只有一個線程wait)
int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
int pthread_cond_timewait(pthread_cond_t *cond,pthread_mutex *mutex,const timespec *abstime);
- 激活條件變量。pthread_cond_signal,pthread_cond_broadcast(激活所有等待線程)
int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *cond);
int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *cond); //解除所有線程的阻塞
- 清除條件變量。無線程等待,否則返回EBUSY
int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t *cond);
- #include?<stdio.h>??
- #include?<pthread.h>??
- #include?"stdlib.h"??
- #include?"unistd.h"??
- pthread_mutex_t?mutex;??
- pthread_cond_t?cond;??
- void?hander(void?*arg)??
- {??
- ????free(arg);??
- ????(void)pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);??
- }??
- void?*thread1(void?*arg)??
- {??
- ????pthread_cleanup_push(hander,?&mutex);??
- ????while(1)??
- ????{??
- ????????printf("thread1?is?running\n");??
- ????????pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);??
- ????????pthread_cond_wait(&cond,?&mutex);??
- ????????printf("thread1?applied?the?condition\n");??
- ????????pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);??
- ????????sleep(4);??
- ????}??
- ????pthread_cleanup_pop(0);??
- }??
- void?*thread2(void?*arg)??
- {??
- ????while(1)??
- ????{??
- ????????printf("thread2?is?running\n");??
- ????????pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);??
- ????????pthread_cond_wait(&cond,?&mutex);??
- ????????printf("thread2?applied?the?condition\n");??
- ????????pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);??
- ????????sleep(1);??
- ????}??
- }??
- int?main()??
- {??
- ????pthread_t?thid1,thid2;??
- ????printf("condition?variable?study!\n");??
- ????pthread_mutex_init(&mutex,?NULL);??
- ????pthread_cond_init(&cond,?NULL);??
- ????pthread_create(&thid1,?NULL,?thread1,?NULL);??
- ????pthread_create(&thid2,?NULL,?thread2,?NULL);??
- ????sleep(1);??
- ????do??
- ????{??
- ????????pthread_cond_signal(&cond);??
- ????}while(1);??
- ????sleep(20);??
- ????pthread_exit(0);??
- ????return?0;??
- }??
- #include?<pthread.h>??
- #include?<unistd.h>??
- #include?"stdio.h"??
- #include?"stdlib.h"??
- static?pthread_mutex_t?mtx?=?PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;??
- static?pthread_cond_t?cond?=?PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;??
- struct?node??
- {??
- ????int?n_number;??
- ????struct?node?*n_next;??
- }*head?=?NULL;??
- ??
- static?void?cleanup_handler(void?*arg)??
- {??
- ????printf("Cleanup?handler?of?second?thread./n");??
- ????free(arg);??
- ????(void)pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx);??
- }??
- static?void?*thread_func(void?*arg)??
- {??
- ????struct?node?*p?=?NULL;??
- ????pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup_handler,?p);??
- ????while?(1)??
- ????{??
- ??????????
- ????????pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx);??
- ????????while?(head?==?NULL)??
- ????????{??
- ??????????????
- ??????????????
- ??????????????
- ??????????????
- ??????????????
- ??????????????
- ??????????????
- ??????????????
- ????????????pthread_cond_wait(&cond,?&mtx);??
- ????????????p?=?head;??
- ????????????head?=?head->n_next;??
- ????????????printf("Got?%d?from?front?of?queue/n",?p->n_number);??
- ????????????free(p);??
- ????????}??
- ????????pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx);???
- ????}??
- ????pthread_cleanup_pop(0);??
- ????return?0;??
- }??
- int?main(void)??
- {??
- ????pthread_t?tid;??
- ????int?i;??
- ????struct?node?*p;??
- ??????
- ??????
- ????pthread_create(&tid,?NULL,?thread_func,?NULL);??
- ????sleep(1);??
- ????for?(i?=?0;?i?<?10;?i++)??
- ????{??
- ????????p?=?(struct?node*)malloc(sizeof(struct?node));??
- ????????p->n_number?=?i;??
- ????????pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx);???
- ????????p->n_next?=?head;??
- ????????head?=?p;??
- ????????pthread_cond_signal(&cond);??
- ????????pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx);???
- ????????sleep(1);??
- ????}??
- ????printf("thread?1?wanna?end?the?line.So?cancel?thread?2./n");??
- ??????
- ??????
- ????pthread_cancel(tid);??
- ????pthread_join(tid,?NULL);??
- ????printf("All?done?--?exiting/n");??
- ????return?0;??
- }??
三、信號量(sem)
如同進程一樣,線程也可以通過信號量來實現通信,雖然是輕量級的。信號量函數的名字都以"sem_"打頭。線程使用的基本信號量函數有四個。
- 信號量初始化。
int sem_init (sem_t *sem , int pshared, unsigned int value);
這是對由sem指定的信號量進行初始化,設置好它的共享選項(linux 只支持為0,即表示它是當前進程的局部信號量),然后給它一個初始值VALUE。
- 等待信號量。給信號量減1,然后等待直到信號量的值大于0。
int sem_wait(sem_t *sem);
- 釋放信號量。信號量值加1。并通知其他等待線程。
int sem_post(sem_t *sem);
- 銷毀信號量。我們用完信號量后都它進行清理。歸還占有的一切資源。
int sem_destroy(sem_t *sem);
- #include?<stdlib.h>??
- #include?<stdio.h>??
- #include?<unistd.h>??
- #include?<pthread.h>??
- #include?<semaphore.h>??
- #include?<errno.h>??
- #define?return_if_fail(p)?if((p)?==?0){printf?("[%s]:func?error!/n",?__func__);return;}??
- typedef?struct?_PrivInfo??
- {??
- ????sem_t?s1;??
- ????sem_t?s2;??
- ????time_t?end_time;??
- }PrivInfo;??
- ??
- static?void?info_init?(PrivInfo*?thiz);??
- static?void?info_destroy?(PrivInfo*?thiz);??
- static?void*?pthread_func_1?(PrivInfo*?thiz);??
- static?void*?pthread_func_2?(PrivInfo*?thiz);??
- ??
- int?main?(int?argc,?char**?argv)??
- {??
- ????pthread_t?pt_1?=?0;??
- ????pthread_t?pt_2?=?0;??
- ????int?ret?=?0;??
- ????PrivInfo*?thiz?=?NULL;??
- ????thiz?=?(PrivInfo*?)malloc?(sizeof?(PrivInfo));??
- ????if?(thiz?==?NULL)??
- ????{??
- ????????printf?("[%s]:?Failed?to?malloc?priv./n");??
- ????????return?-1;??
- ????}??
- ????info_init?(thiz);??
- ????ret?=?pthread_create?(&pt_1,?NULL,?(void*)pthread_func_1,?thiz);??
- ????if?(ret?!=?0)??
- ????{??
- ????????perror?("pthread_1_create:");??
- ????}??
- ????ret?=?pthread_create?(&pt_2,?NULL,?(void*)pthread_func_2,?thiz);??
- ????if?(ret?!=?0)??
- ????{??
- ????????perror?("pthread_2_create:");??
- ????}??
- ????pthread_join?(pt_1,?NULL);??
- ????pthread_join?(pt_2,?NULL);??
- ????info_destroy?(thiz);??
- ????return?0;??
- }??
- static?void?info_init?(PrivInfo*?thiz)??
- {??
- ????return_if_fail?(thiz?!=?NULL);??
- ????thiz->end_time?=?time(NULL)?+?10;??
- ????sem_init?(&thiz->s1,?0,?1);??
- ????sem_init?(&thiz->s2,?0,?0);??
- ????return;??
- }??
- static?void?info_destroy?(PrivInfo*?thiz)??
- {??
- ????return_if_fail?(thiz?!=?NULL);??
- ????sem_destroy?(&thiz->s1);??
- ????sem_destroy?(&thiz->s2);??
- ????free?(thiz);??
- ????thiz?=?NULL;??
- ????return;??
- }??
- static?void*?pthread_func_1?(PrivInfo*?thiz)??
- {??
- ????return_if_fail(thiz?!=?NULL);??
- ????while?(time(NULL)?<?thiz->end_time)??
- ????{??
- ????????sem_wait?(&thiz->s2);??
- ????????printf?("pthread1:?pthread1?get?the?lock./n");??
- ????????sem_post?(&thiz->s1);??
- ????????printf?("pthread1:?pthread1?unlock/n");??
- ????????sleep?(1);??
- ????}??
- ????return;??
- }??
- static?void*?pthread_func_2?(PrivInfo*?thiz)??
- {??
- ????return_if_fail?(thiz?!=?NULL);??
- ????while?(time?(NULL)?<?thiz->end_time)??
- ????{??
- ????????sem_wait?(&thiz->s1);??
- ????????printf?("pthread2:?pthread2?get?the?unlock./n");??
- ????????sem_post?(&thiz->s2);??
- ????????printf?("pthread2:?pthread2?unlock./n");??
- ????????sleep?(1);??
- ????}??
- ????return;??
- }??