SQLAchemy
SQLAlchemy是Python編程語言下的一款ORM框架,該框架建立在數據庫API之上,使用關系對象映射進行數據庫操作,簡言之便是:將對象轉換成SQL,然后使用數據API執行SQL并獲取執行結果。
安裝:
pip3 install SQLAlchemy

MySQL-Python
????
mysql+mysqldb://<
user
>:<
password
>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
??
?pymysql
????
mysql+pymysql://<username>:<
password
>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
??
?MySQL-Connector
????
mysql+mysqlconnector://<
user
>:<
password
>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
??
?cx_Oracle
????
oracle+cx_oracle://
user
:pass@host:port/dbname[?
key
=value&
key
=value...]
??
?更多詳見:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/
index
.html
from
sqlalchemy import create_engine
?
??
?engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1"
, max_overflow=5)
?
?# 執行SQL
# cur = engine.
execute
(
#????
"INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)"
# )
?
?# 新插入行自增ID
# cur.lastrowid
?
?# 執行SQL
# cur = engine.
execute
(
#????
"INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)"
,[(
'1.1.1.22'
, 3),(
'1.1.1.221'
, 3),]
# )
?
??
?# 執行SQL
# cur = engine.
execute
(
#????
"INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)"
,
#???? host=
'1.1.1.99'
, color_id=3
# )
?
?# 執行SQL
# cur = engine.
execute
(
'select * from hosts'
)
# 獲取第一行數據
# cur.fetchone()
# 獲取第n行數據
# cur.fetchmany(3)
# 獲取所有數據
# cur.fetchall()
使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有組件對數據進行操作。根據類創建對象,對象轉換成SQL,執行SQL。
創建表單
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_basefrom sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Indexfrom sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationshipfrom sqlalchemy import create_engineengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) #此處必須是雙引號 Base = declarative_base()# 創建單表class Users(Base):__tablename__ = 'users'#此處就是創建表的表名 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)#此處創建了三列name = Column(String(32))extra = Column(String(16))__table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), #創建外建Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra') #創建索引 )def __repr__(self):#這個函數的作用是打印時期作用#直接print(ret)#就可以看到想要的結果。temp = '%s-%s-%s' % (self.id, self.name, self.extra)return temp# 一對多 class Favor(Base):__tablename__ = 'favor' nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True) class Person(Base): __tablename__ = 'person' nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True) favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid")) # 多對多 class Group(Base):__tablename__ = 'group' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) class Server(Base):__tablename__ = 'server' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)port = Column(Integer, default=22)class ServerToGroup(Base):__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id')) #必須要有約束,就是外鍵group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))def init_db():Base.metadata.create_all(engine)#創建所有表def drop_db():Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)#刪除所有表
?
?
?
操作表
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engineengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)Base = declarative_base()# 創建單表 class Users(Base):__tablename__ = 'users'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)name = Column(String(32))extra = Column(String(16))__table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),)def __repr__(self):return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)# 一對多 class Favor(Base):__tablename__ = 'favor'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)def __repr__(self):return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)class Person(Base):__tablename__ = 'person'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))# 與生成表結構無關,僅用于查詢方便favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers') #此處的作用就是聯表,會把favor表中的數據讀出來,不用我們去寫聯表語句。必須與關聯的表中有foreignkey才可以。# backref的作用就是在favor表中加了一個pers的字段,.pers就表示與favor相關的所有信息#正向查詢 ret = session.query(Person) print(ret) for obj in ret:print(obj.nid,obj.name,obj.favor_id,obj.favor.captiom)# 反向查詢 # obj = session.query(Group).filter(Group.caption =='DBA').first() # print(obj.nid) # print(obj.caption) # print(obj.uuu) #通過查找Group中在DBA組的成員,如果relationship中的backref指定uuu,那么,.uuu就把realtionship所關聯表中的所有在DBA中的成員列出來。# 多對多 class ServerToGroup(Base):__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g')server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g')class Group(Base):__tablename__ = 'group'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)port = Column(Integer, default=22)# group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list')class Server(Base):__tablename__ = 'server'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)def init_db():Base.metadata.create_all(engine)def drop_db():Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) #如果想操作數據庫必須要創建這個session session = Session()
?
?
增
obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb') 增加一條數據
session.add(obj) session.add_all([ 批量增加
Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'),Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'), ]) session.commit()
刪
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete() 如果想用and的話,就在〉2后面加,然后再跟條件
session.commit()
改
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"}) session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False) 字符串相加 session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate") 數字相加 session.commit()
查
ret = session.query(Users).all() 不加.all()print(ret)就會看到執行語句 如果想查看的話,可以執行:
print(ret[0].name) 因為ret是個列表,表中有幾列,列表中就會有幾個元素。
ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
其他:
# 條件 ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() 在這個范圍 ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() 波浪號代表非 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all() from sqlalchemy import and_, or_ ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2,and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),Users.extra != "")).all()# 通配符 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()# 限制 ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]# 排序 ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all() ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()# 分組 from sqlalchemy.sql import funcret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all() ret = session.query(func.max(Users.id),func.sum(Users.id),func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()ret = session.query(func.max(Users.id),func.sum(Users.id),func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()# 連表 ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all() 此處的join默認是inner joinret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all() outer表示leftjoin# 組合 q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) ret = q1.union(q2).all() 會去重q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) ret = q1.union_all(q2).all() 不會去重
?多對多的操作:
多對多連表操作
需求以及數據庫結構
需求:
三張表:
- 主機表:包括nid hostname port ip
- 管理員表:包括:nid username
- 主機對應管理員表: nid 主機id,管理員id
一個管理員帳號(比如root),可以關聯多臺服務器,一個服務器也可以有多個管理員帳號
先來看下數據結構吧:
from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:7ujm8ik,@192.168.4.193:3306/testsql?charset=utf8", max_overflow=5) Base = declarative_base() #多對多 class HostToHostUser(Base): __tablename__ = 'host_to_host_user' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True,autoincrement=True) host_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('host.id')) host_user_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('host_user.nid')) #多對多操作 host = relationship('Host',backref='h')#backref='h'表示host表自動生成某種關聯關系,這個關系就成為‘h’關系,只要下邊某個表中的backref也指明了這個關系‘h’,那么host表就會與該表形成關聯,基于'h'關系,這是道不清理不明的一種關系 host_user = relationship('HostUser',backref='u')#backref='u'表示host_user表自動生成某種關聯關系,只要下邊某個表中的backref也指明了這個關系‘u‘,那么host_user表就會與該表形成關聯,基于'u'關系 (如果某張表中寫了關聯關系,關系表中就可以不用寫了)
#查詢方法:host_obj = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname =='c1').first()
print(host_obj.host_user) class Host(Base): __tablename__ = 'host' nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True,autoincrement=True) hostname = Column(String(32)) port = Column(String(32)) ip = Column(String(32)) ####最簡單的方式,添加此行就行(另外一種方法,可以將關系放在某張表中): host_user=relationship('HostUser',secondary=HostToHostUser.__table__,backref='h')#這里backref指明了‘h’關系,那么host表就會與host_user表生成關聯關系 ?#格式:表名(本類是host表,這里寫要跟host關聯的表)=relationship('對象名(本類是host表,這里寫要跟host關聯的表的對象名)',?secondary=中間表的對象名, backref=關聯關系'h') class HostUser(Base): __tablename__ = 'host_user' nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True,autoincrement=True) username = Column(String(32)) def init_db(): Base.metadata.create_all(engine) # init_db() def drop_db(): Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session() #======多對多操作 # session.add_all([ # Host(hostname='c1',port='22',ip='1.1.1.1'), # Host(hostname='c2',port='22',ip='1.1.1.2'), # Host(hostname='c3',port='22',ip='1.1.1.3'), # Host(hostname='c4',port='22',ip='1.1.1.4'), # Host(hostname='c5',port='22',ip='1.1.1.5'), # ]) # session.commit() # session.add_all([ # HostUser(username='root'), # HostUser(username='db'), # HostUser(username='nb'), # HostUser(username='sb'), # ]) # session.commit() # session.add_all([ # HostToHostUser(host_id=1,host_user_id=1), # HostToHostUser(host_id=1,host_user_id=2), # HostToHostUser(host_id=1,host_user_id=3), # HostToHostUser(host_id=2,host_user_id=2), # HostToHostUser(host_id=2,host_user_id=4), # HostToHostUser(host_id=2,host_user_id=3), # ]) # session.commit()
虛擬關系的查詢
需求:查詢主機C1的管理員帳號
# 1.反向查找,查詢host表中c1的信息,會得到一個對象,對象中存在一個已經設置好的虛擬關系:h
host_obj = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname == 'c1').first() #2.正向查找,遍歷對象屬性 for item in host_obj.h: print(item.host_user.username)
(整個過程經歷了一個循環,通過host找到hosttouser,在通過hosttouser中的backref的h,列出所有與c1有關的數據)
結果:
root
db
nb
注意:多對多的話,正反查詢都是遍歷對象中的屬性
同一需求最簡單的方式
需求還是同上:查詢主機C1的管理員帳號
需要在兩張表的一張表中加一條host_user=relationship('HostUser',secondary=HostToHostUser.__table__,backref='h')
,我加到了host表中
#最簡單的查詢方式:host_obj = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname == 'c1').first() print(host_obj.host_user) for item in host_obj.host_user: print(item.username)
結果:
[<__main__.HostUser object at 0x103778710>, <__main__.HostUser object at 0x103778d68>, <__main__.HostUser object at 0x103778e10>] root db nb