通過從備份中排除這些文件夾來節省Time Machine驅動器上的空間

Are you getting notifications about a full Time Machine drive? Do you?feel like your backups are taking too long? A bigger, faster hard drive might be?the best solution, but you can also help by excluding particular folders from your backups.

您是否收到有關Time Machine完整驅動器的通知？您是否覺得備份時間太長？更大，更快的硬盤驅動器可能是最好的解決方案，但是您也可以通過從備份中排除特定文件夾來提供幫助。

We’ve shown you how to back up and restore files with Time Machine, including how to exclude particular folders from being backed up. To exclude a folder, just head to System Preferences > Time Machine > Options.

我們向您展示了如何使用Time Machine備份和還原文件，包括如何從備份中排除特定文件夾。要排除文件夾，只需轉到系統偏好設置> Time Machine>選項。

Some more options will slide down, giving you the ability to exclude particular folders from your backups. But which folders can be safely disabled? And are any disabled by the system already? Let’s take a look.

其他一些選項將向下滑動，使您能夠從備份中排除特定文件夾。但是可以安全地禁用哪些文件夾？系統已經禁用了嗎？讓我們來看看。

默認情況下，Time Machine排除什么？ (What Does Time Machine Exclude By Default?)

Time Machine already excludes a bunch of things you don’t need backed up: your Trash, caches, and indexes. And?you know how you can use Time Machine even if your drive isn’t plugged in? The local backups that make that possible are also not backed up, as that would be redundant. So?you don’t need to worry about excluding system-level things like logs and caches—Time Machine already has you covered.

Time Machine已經排除了許多不需要備份的內容：廢紙,、緩存和索引。而且您知道即使未插入驅動器也可以使用Time Machine？也不會備份使備份成為可能的本地備份，因為這將是多余的。因此，您不必擔心排除諸如日志和緩存之類的系統級內容-Time Machine已經為您服務。

If just knowing that system-level stuff is already excluded is enough for you, go ahead and skip the rest of this section. But if you’re interested in seeing the complete list of folders excluded by default (or just want to prove to yourself that something is excluded), here’s how to do it.

如果僅知道已經排除了系統級的內容就足夠了，請繼續并跳過本節的其余部分。但是，如果您希望查看默認情況下排除的文件夾的完整列表(或者只是想向自己證明某些東西被排除在外)，請按照以下方法操作。

A file named “StdExclusions.plist” outlines everything that Time Machine excludes. You can find that file in the following location:

名為“ StdExclusions.plist”的文件概述了Time Machine排除的所有內容。您可以在以下位置找到該文件：

/System/Library/CoreServices/backupd.bundle/Contents/Resources/

You can quickly open that file by running the following command in the Terminal (which you can find at Applications > Utilities > Terminal):?

您可以通過在終端中運行以下命令來快速打開該文件(可以在“應用程序”>“實用程序”>“終端”中找到)：?

/System/Library/CoreServices/backupd.bundle/Contents/Resources/StdExclusions.plist

The list is too long to include here, so you should just check it out yourself.

該列表太長，無法包含在此處，因此您應該自己檢查一下。

Individual programs can also mark particular files to not be backed up. Typically, this includes caches and other temporary files. You can find a list of these exempt files by running the following command in the Terminal:

各個程序還可以將特定文件標記為不備份。通常，這包括緩存和其他臨時文件。您可以通過在終端中運行以下命令來找到這些免除文件的列表：

sudo mdfind "com_apple_backup_excludeItem = 'com.apple.backupd'"

To summarize, though, you don’t need to worry about stopping Time Machine from?backing up caches or your Trash folder, because it already knows not to. And a big thanks to Brant Bobby on Stack Exchange for pointing out the commands?that prove this.

總之，盡管如此，您不必擔心停止Time Machine備份緩存或“垃圾箱”文件夾，因為它已經知道不這樣做。非常感謝Stack Exchange上的Brant Bobby指出了證明這一點的命令。

我應該考慮排除哪些其他項目？ (What Other Items Should I Consider Excluding?)

Now that you’ve seen what Time Machine excludes by default, let’s take a look at some of the other items you might consider excluding to free up some space.

既然您已經了解了Time Machine默認排除的內容，讓我們看一下您可能考慮排除的其他一些項目，以釋放一些空間。

您的Dropbox文件夾或任何已經同步的文件夾 (Your Dropbox Folder, or Any Folder You’re Already Syncing)

If you’re using?Dropbox, OneDrive, Google Drive, or any other syncing service, you already have those files stored in at least two locations—on your local drive and in the cloud. If you’re syncing files to other devices, as well, then you have those files stored in other locations as well.

如果您使用的是Dropbox，OneDrive，Google Drive或任何其他同步服務，則這些文件已經存儲在至少兩個位置(本地驅動器和云中)。如果還要將文件同步到其他設備，那么這些文件也將存儲在其他位置。

Just be careful. Most cloud services offer a grace period to recover deleted files. Dropbox, for example, gives you 30 days, and keeps older versions of the files it has—just like a backup. But if?your cloud service does not provide this feature, you probably don’t want to exclude those files from your Time Machine backup, since you may not be fully covered if you accidentally delete an important file.?Keeping that caveat in mind, though, you can probably?leave such folders out of your Time Machine backups.

請注意。大多數云服務都提供寬限期來恢復已刪除的文件。例如，Dropbox會給您30天的時間，并保留其擁有的舊版本文件-就像備份一樣。但是，如果你的云服務不提供此功能，你可能不希望從您的Time Machine備份排除這些文件，因為你可能無法完全覆蓋，如果你不小心刪除了某個重要文件。不過，請記住這一點，您可以將此類文件夾排除在Time Machine備份之外。

您的虛擬機 (Your Virtual Machines)

If you’ve created virtual machines to use Windows or Linux applications on your Mac, it’s probably a good idea to exclude those from your backup. Each virtual hard drive is a single file, meaning every time you use your virtual machine, a 20 GB+ file needs to be re-backed up. This is less of a problem if you use Parallels, which is built with this in mind, but other virtual machines can struggle with it.

如果已創建虛擬機以在Mac上使用Windows或Linux應用程序，則最好將這些虛擬機從備份中排除。每個虛擬硬盤驅動器都是一個文件，這意味著每次使用虛擬機時，都需要重新備份20 GB以上的文件。如果您使用了Parallels ，那么這個問題就更少了， Parallels就是為此而構建的，但是其他虛擬機可能會為此而苦苦掙扎。

We recommend doing a one-time backup of your virtual machines to some other hard drive and excluding them from your Time Machine backups.

我們建議一次性將虛擬機備份到其他硬盤，并將其從Time Machine備份中排除。

您的Steam庫和其他游戲 (Your Steam Library, and Other Games)

If you play a lot of Steam games on your Mac, you probably don’t need to?back them up. After all, getting your games back is as easy as opening Steam and re-downloading them.?

如果您在Mac上玩了很多Steam游戲，則可能不需要備份它們。畢竟，恢復游戲就像打開Steam并重新下載一樣容易。?

To find where your Steam games are located, you’ll need to know how to access the hidden Library folder on your Mac. You can find the Steam settings folder at the following location

要查找Steam游戲的位置，您需要知道如何訪問Mac上隱藏的Library文件夾。您可以在以下位置找到Steam設置文件夾

~/Library/Application Support/Steam

The games themselves are stored in the steamapps folder.?Exclude that folder and you’ll save a bunch of storage space without really losing anything that you can’t get back quickly.?Your game save files are?saved elsewhere in the Library folder, so you won’t need to worry about losing them by excluding the steamapps folder.

游戲本身存儲在steamapps文件夾。排除該文件夾，您將節省大量存儲空間，而不會真正丟失您無法快速取回的任何內容。您的游戲保存文件保存在“庫”文件夾中的其他位置，因此您無需擔心會由于排除steamapps文件夾而丟失它們。

And this advice doesn’t apply just to Steam games, either. Games in general tend to be very large, and are easy to re-download should you?need to—no reason to waste backup space on them.

這個建議也不僅僅適用于Steam游戲。通常，游戲通常非常大，并且在需要時易于重新下載-沒有理由浪費游戲的備份空間。

We recommend putting all of your games in a separate folder, and then excluding that folder from your Time Machine backups.

我們建議將所有游戲都放在單獨的文件夾中，然后從Time Machine備份中排除該文件夾。

您可以輕松取回的大型應用程序 (Large Applications You Can Easily Get Back)

If you’re still running out of space, you might want to apply the same logic used for games to other large applications. Head to your Applications folder and look for large programs that you could easily reinstall. Things like Microsoft Office and Adobe Creative Suite are easy to re-download later, and constant updates mean you’re probably backing up new copies of these applications with some frequency. If you find applications that take up a lot of space on your Mac, consider excluding them from your backups.

如果仍然沒有足夠的空間，則可能要將與游戲相同的邏輯應用于其他大型應用程序。轉到“應用程序”文件夾，然后查找可以輕松重新安裝的大型程序。諸如Microsoft Office和Adobe Creative Suite之類的東西以后很容易重新下載，并且不斷的更新意味著您可能會以某種頻率備份這些應用程序的新副本。如果您發現Mac上占用大量空間的應用程序，請考慮將它們從備份中排除。

您可能不需要備份的大文件 (Large Files That You Might Not Need Backed Up)

We’ve shown you how to find your largest files?in macOS. Excluding those files might be the simplest way to free up a bit of space on your Time Machine drive. In particular, look for large files you wouldn’t miss or that are easily replaceable. For example, movies?that you could re-download are prime candidates for exclusion. If you find multiple such files, stick them in their own folder and then exclude that folder from your backup.

我們已經向您展示了如何在macOS中找到最大的文件。排除這些文件可能是釋放Time Machine驅動器上一點空間的最簡單方法。特別是，尋找不會丟失或易于替換的大文件。例如，您可以重新下載的電影是排除的主要候選對象。如果找到多個此類文件，請將它們粘貼在它們自己的文件夾中，然后從備份中排除該文件夾。

您的下載文件夾 (Your Downloads Folder)

If you’re like me, your Downloads folder is a place full of files that you look at briefly before deleting or filing somewhere else. If you want to reduce the size of your regular backups, excluding the Downloads folder is probably a good move—though depending on what you store there, the savings probably aren’t going to be huge. If you have downloads that you want to keep around, our advice is to store those somewhere other than your Downloads folder and then just exclude your Downloads folder.

如果您像我一樣，則“下載”文件夾中會放滿一些文件，您可以在刪除或歸檔其他位置之前先對其進行簡短查看。如果您想減少常規備份的大小，可以將“下載”文件夾排除在外是個不錯的選擇-盡管取決于您在其中存儲的內容，節省的空間可能不會很大。如果您有想要保留的下載內容，我們的建議是將這些內容存儲在“下載”文件夾之外的其他位置，然后僅排除“下載”文件夾。

極限方法：排除所有系統文件和應用程序 (The Extreme Approach: Exclude All of Your System Files and Applications)

If you’re still running out of space—even after making all the exclusions you feel comfortable with—you might need a bigger hard drive. But you do have one additional (and somewhat extreme) option: excluding all System Files?from your backup. To do this, open the Finder and select your computer under the “Devices” category. From there browse to your primary hard drive, then to the “System” folder.

如果您仍然沒有足夠的空間(即使在進行了所有排除之后仍然感到滿意)，則可能需要更大的硬盤驅動器。但是，您確實有一個附加的(并且有些極端)選項：從備份中排除所有系統文件。為此，請打開Finder，然后在“設備”類別下選擇您的計算機。從那里瀏覽到您的主硬盤驅動器，然后瀏覽到“系統”文件夾。

Drag this folder to your list of Time Machine exclusions, and you’ll be asked if you’d like to exclude all of your System Files.

將此文件夾拖到Time Machine排除項列表中，系統會詢問您是否要排除所有系統文件。

Doing this means you can’t restore your complete installation from Time Machine. If your hard drive fails, you’ll have to re-install the OS. If you’re willing to put up with that, excluding your system files is another way to save a pretty good amount of space on your backup drive.

這樣做意味著您無法從Time Machine恢復完整安裝。如果硬盤驅動器出現故障，則必須重新安裝操作系統。如果您愿意這樣做，則排除系統文件是在備份驅動器上節省大量空間的另一種方法。

At the end of the day, it’s your irreplaceable files—photos, videos, documents—that you want to save more than anything else. Everything else can be re-downloaded and re-installed. The easiest recommendation is to just buy a bigger hard drive that lets you back up everything. If you can’t do this, though, excluding certain items from your backup could give you a little more space for the things that matter most.

歸根結底，要保存的就是您不可替代的文件(照片，視頻，文檔)。其他所有內容都可以重新下載并重新安裝。最簡單的建議是購買更大的硬盤驅動器，讓您備份所有內容。但是，如果您無法執行此操作，則從備份中排除某些項目可能會給您更多的空間來處理最重要的事情。