一、能完成功能的“問題代碼”
1.從plist中加載的數據
2.實現的代碼
1 // 2 // LFViewController.m 3 // 03-應用管理 4 // 5 // Created by apple on 14-5-22. 6 // Copyright (c) 2014年 heima. All rights reserved. 7 // 8 9 #import "LFViewController.h" 10 11 @interface LFViewController () 12 @property (nonatomic, strong) NSArray *appList; 13 @end 14 15 @implementation LFViewController 16 17 - (NSArray *)appList 18 { 19 if (!_appList) { 20 21 // 1. 從mainBundle加載 22 NSBundle *bundle = [NSBundle mainBundle]; 23 NSString *path = [bundle pathForResource:@"app.plist" ofType:nil]; 24 _appList = [NSArray arrayWithContentsOfFile:path]; 25 26 NSLog(@"%@", _appList); 27 } 28 return _appList; 29 } 30 31 - (void)viewDidLoad 32 { 33 [super viewDidLoad]; 34 35 // 總共有3列 36 int totalCol = 3; 37 CGFloat viewW = 80; 38 CGFloat viewH = 90; 39 40 CGFloat marginX = (self.view.bounds.size.width - totalCol * viewW) / (totalCol + 1); 41 CGFloat marginY = 10; 42 CGFloat startY = 20; 43 44 for (int i = 0; i < self.appList.count; i++) { 45 46 int row = i / totalCol; 47 int col = i % totalCol; 48 49 CGFloat x = marginX + (viewW + marginX) * col; 50 CGFloat y = startY + marginY + (viewH + marginY) * row; 51 52 UIView *appView = [[UIView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(x, y, viewW, viewH)]; 53 54 [self.view addSubview:appView]; 55 56 // 創建appView內部的細節 57 // 0> 讀取數組中的字典 58 NSDictionary *dict = self.appList[i]; 59 60 // 1> UIImageView 61 UIImageView *imageView = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 0, viewW, 50)]; 62 imageView.image = [UIImage imageNamed:dict[@"icon"]]; 63 imageView.contentMode = UIViewContentModeScaleAspectFit; 64 [appView addSubview:imageView]; 65 66 // 2> UILabel 67 UILabel *label = [[UILabel alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, imageView.bounds.size.height, viewW, 20)]; 68 // 設置文字 69 label.text = dict[@"name"]; 70 label.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:12.0]; 71 label.textAlignment = NSTextAlignmentCenter; 72 73 [appView addSubview:label]; 74 75 // 3> UIButton 76 // UIButtonTypeCustom和[[UIButton alloc] init]是等價的 77 UIButton *button = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom]; 78 button.frame = CGRectMake(15, 70, viewW - 30, 20); 79 80 [button setTitle:@"下載" forState:UIControlStateNormal]; 81 // *** 不能使用如下代碼直接設置title 82 // button.titleLabel.text = @"下載"; 83 // @property中readonly表示不允許修改對象的指針地址,但是可以修改對象的屬性 84 button.titleLabel.font= [UIFont systemFontOfSize:14.0]; 85 86 [button setBackgroundImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"buttongreen"] forState:UIControlStateNormal]; 87 [button setBackgroundImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"buttongreen_highlighted"] forState:UIControlStateHighlighted]; 88 89 [appView addSubview:button]; 90 } 91 } 92 93 @end
3.實現效果
4.代碼問題
在上述代碼的第62,69行,我們是直接通過字典的鍵名獲取plist中的數據信息,在viewController中需要直接和數據打交道,如果需要多次使用可能會因為不小心把鍵名寫錯,而程序并不報錯。鑒于此,可以考慮把字典數據轉換成一個模型,把數據封裝到一個模型中去,讓viewController不再直接和數據打交道,而是和模型交互。
一般情況下,設置數據和取出數據都使用“字符串類型的key”,編寫這些key時,編輯器沒有智能提示,需要手敲。如:
dict[@"name"] =?@"Jack";
NSString?*name = dict[@"name"];
手敲字符串key,key容易寫錯
Key如果寫錯了,編譯器不會有任何警告和報錯,造成設錯數據或者取錯數據
二、字典轉模型
1.字典轉模型介紹
示意圖:
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字典轉模型的好處:
(1)降低代碼的耦合度
(2)所有字典轉模型部分的代碼統一集中在一處處理,降低代碼出錯的幾率
(3)在程序中直接使用模型的屬性操作,提高編碼效率?
(4)調用方不用關心模型內部的任何處理細節
字典轉模型的注意點:
模型應該提供一個可以傳入字典參數的構造方法
- (instancetype)initWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict;
+ (instancetype)xxxWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict;
提示:在模型中合理地使用只讀屬性,可以進一步降低代碼的耦合度。
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?2.代碼示例(一)
新建一個類,用來作為數據模型
viewController.m文件代碼(字典轉模型)
#import "LFViewController.h" #import "LFAppInfo.h"@interface LFViewController () @property (nonatomic, strong) NSArray *appList; @end@implementation LFViewController// 字典轉模型 - (NSArray *)appList {if (!_appList) {// 1. 從mainBundle加載NSBundle *bundle = [NSBundle mainBundle];NSString *path = [bundle pathForResource:@"app.plist" ofType:nil]; // _appList = [NSArray arrayWithContentsOfFile:path]; NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithContentsOfFile:path];// 將數組轉換成模型,意味著self.appList中存儲的是LFAppInfo對象// 1. 遍歷數組,將數組中的字典依次轉換成AppInfo對象,添加到一個臨時數組// 2. self.appList = 臨時數組 NSMutableArray *arrayM = [NSMutableArray array];for (NSDictionary *dict in array) {//用字典來實例化對象的工廠方法 [arrayM addObject:[LFAppInfo appInfoWithDict:dict]];}_appList = arrayM;}return _appList; }- (void)viewDidLoad {[super viewDidLoad];// 總共有3列int totalCol = 3;CGFloat viewW = 80;CGFloat viewH = 90;CGFloat marginX = (self.view.bounds.size.width - totalCol * viewW) / (totalCol + 1);CGFloat marginY = 10;CGFloat startY = 20;for (int i = 0; i < self.appList.count; i++) {int row = i / totalCol;int col = i % totalCol;CGFloat x = marginX + (viewW + marginX) * col;CGFloat y = startY + marginY + (viewH + marginY) * row;UIView *appView = [[UIView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(x, y, viewW, viewH)];[self.view addSubview:appView];// 創建appView內部的細節// 0> 讀取數組中的AppInfo // NSDictionary *dict = self.appList[i];LFAppInfo *appInfo = self.appList[i];// 1> UIImageViewUIImageView *imageView = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 0, viewW, 50)];imageView.image = appInfo.image;imageView.contentMode = UIViewContentModeScaleAspectFit;[appView addSubview:imageView];// 2> UILabelUILabel *label = [[UILabel alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, imageView.bounds.size.height, viewW, 20)];// 設置文字label.text = appInfo.name;label.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:12.0];label.textAlignment = NSTextAlignmentCenter;[appView addSubview:label];// 3> UIButton// UIButtonTypeCustom和[[UIButton alloc] init]是等價的UIButton *button = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeCustom];button.frame = CGRectMake(15, 70, viewW - 30, 20);[button setTitle:@"下載" forState:UIControlStateNormal];button.titleLabel.font= [UIFont systemFontOfSize:14.0];[button setBackgroundImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"buttongreen"] forState:UIControlStateNormal];[button setBackgroundImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"buttongreen_highlighted"] forState:UIControlStateHighlighted];[appView addSubview:button];button.tag = i;[button addTarget:self action:@selector(downloadClick:) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];} }- (void)downloadClick:(UIButton *)button {NSLog(@"%d", button.tag);// 實例化一個UILabel顯示在視圖上,提示用戶下載完成UILabel *label = [[UILabel alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(80, 400, 160, 40)];label.textAlignment = NSTextAlignmentCenter;label.backgroundColor = [UIColor lightGrayColor];LFAppInfo *appInfo = self.appList[button.tag];label.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"下載%@完成", appInfo.name];label.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:13.0];label.alpha = 1.0;[self.view addSubview:label];// 動畫效果// 動畫效果完成之后,將Label從視圖中刪除// 首尾式動畫,只能做動畫,要處理完成后的操作不方便 // [UIView beginAnimations:nil context:nil]; // [UIView setAnimationDuration:1.0]; // label.alpha = 1.0; // [UIView commitAnimations];// block動畫比首尾式動畫簡單,而且能夠控制動畫結束后的操作// 在iOS中,基本都使用首尾式動畫[UIView animateWithDuration:2.0 animations:^{label.alpha = 0.0;} completion:^(BOOL finished) {// 刪除label [label removeFromSuperview];}]; }@end
模型.h文件代碼
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>@interface LFAppInfo : NSObject// 應用程序名稱 @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name; // 應用程序圖標名稱 @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *icon;// 圖像 // 定義屬性時,會生成getter&setter方法,還會生成一個帶下劃線的成員變量 // 如果是readonly屬性,只會生成getter方法,同時沒有成員變量 @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) UIImage *image;// instancetype會讓編譯器檢查實例化對象的準確類型 // instancetype只能用于返回類型,不能當做參數使用- (instancetype)initWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict; /** 工廠方法 */ + (instancetype)appInfoWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict;@end
模型.m文件數據處理代碼
1 #import "LFAppInfo.h" 2 3 @interface LFAppInfo() 4 { 5 UIImage *_imageABC; 6 } 7 @end 8 9 @implementation LFAppInfo 10 11 - (instancetype)initWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict 12 { 13 self = [super init]; 14 if (self) { 15 self.name = dict[@"name"]; 16 self.icon = dict[@"icon"]; 17 } 18 return self; 19 } 20 21 + (instancetype)appInfoWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict 22 { 23 return [[self alloc] initWithDict:dict]; 24 } 25 26 - (UIImage *)image 27 { 28 if (!_imageABC) { 29 _imageABC = [UIImage imageNamed:self.icon]; 30 } 31 return _imageABC; 32 } 33 34 @end
3.代碼示例(二)
數據信息:plist文件
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字典轉模型(初步)
模型.h文件
1 #import <Foundation/Foundation.h> 2 3 @interface LFQuestion : NSObject 4 5 @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *answer; 6 @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *title; 7 @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *icon; 8 @property (nonatomic, strong) NSArray *options; 9 10 @property (nonatomic, strong) UIImage *image; 11 12 /** 用字典實例化對象的成員方法 */ 13 - (instancetype)initWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict; 14 /** 用字典實例化對象的類方法,又稱工廠方法 */ 15 + (instancetype)questionWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict; 16 @end
模型.m文件
1 #import "LFQuestion.h" 2 3 @implementation LFQuestion 4 5 + (instancetype)questionWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict 6 { 7 return [[self alloc] initWithDict:dict]; 8 } 9 10 - (instancetype)initWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict 11 { 12 self = [super init]; 13 if (self) { 14 self.answer = dict[@"answer"]; 15 self.icon = dict[@"icon"]; 16 self.title = dict[@"title"]; 17 self.options = dict[@"options"]; 18 19 [self setValuesForKeysWithDictionary:dict]; 20 } 21 return self; 22 }
viewController.m文件中的數據處理
1 - (NSArray *)questions 2 { 3 if (!_questions) { 4 5 NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithContentsOfFile:[[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"questions.plist" ofType:nil]]; 6 7 NSMutableArray *arrayM = [NSMutableArray array]; 8 9 for (NSDictionary *dict in array) { 10 [arrayM addObject:[LFQuestion questionWithDict:dict]]; 11 } 12 _questions=arrayM; 13 } 14 return _questions; 15 }
字典轉模型(優化)
上面代碼可以做進一步的優化,從plist文件中讀取數據是可以交給模型去處理的,優化后代碼如下:
模型.h文件
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>@interface LFQuestion : NSObject@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *answer; @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *title; @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *icon; @property (nonatomic, strong) NSArray *options;@property (nonatomic, strong) UIImage *image;/** 用字典實例化對象的成員方法 */ - (instancetype)initWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict; /** 用字典實例化對象的類方法,又稱工廠方法 */ + (instancetype)questionWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict;/** 從plist加載對象數組 */ + (NSArray *)questions;@end
模型.m文件
1 #import "LFQuestion.h" 2 3 @implementation LFQuestion 4 5 + (instancetype)questionWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict 6 { 7 return [[self alloc] initWithDict:dict]; 8 } 9 10 - (instancetype)initWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict 11 { 12 self = [super init]; 13 if (self) { 14 self.answer = dict[@"answer"]; 15 self.icon = dict[@"icon"]; 16 self.title = dict[@"title"]; 17 self.options = dict[@"options"]; 18 19 [self setValuesForKeysWithDictionary:dict]; 20 } 21 return self; 22 } 23 24 25 + (NSArray *)questions 26 { 27 NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithContentsOfFile:[[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"questions.plist" ofType:nil]]; 28 29 NSMutableArray *arrayM = [NSMutableArray array]; 30 31 for (NSDictionary *dict in array) { 32 [arrayM addObject:[LFQuestion questionWithDict:dict]]; 33 } 34 35 return arrayM; 36 } 37 @end
viewController.m文件中的數據處理代碼部分
1 - (NSArray *)questions 2 { 3 if (!_questions) { 4 _questions = [LFQuestion questions]; 5 } 6 return _questions; 7 }
補充內容:(KVC)的使用
(1)在模型內部的數據處理部分,可以使用鍵值編碼來進行處理
- (instancetype)initWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict {self = [super init];if (self) { // self.answer = dict[@"answer"]; // self.icon = dict[@"icon"]; // self.title = dict[@"title"]; // self.options = dict[@"options"];// KVC (key value coding)鍵值編碼// cocoa 的大招,允許間接修改對象的屬性值// 第一個參數是字典的數值// 第二個參數是類的屬性[self setValue:dict[@"answer"] forKeyPath:@"answer"];[self setValue:dict[@"icon"] forKeyPath:@"icon"];[self setValue:dict[@"title"] forKeyPath:@"title"];[self setValue:dict[@"options"] forKeyPath:@"options"];}return self; }
(2)setValuesForKeys的使用
上述數據操作細節,可以直接通過setValuesForKeys方法來完成。
- (instancetype)initWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict {self = [super init];if (self) {// 使用setValuesForKeys要求類的屬性必須在字典中存在,可以比字典中的鍵值多,但是不能少。 [self setValuesForKeysWithDictionary:dict];}return self; }
三、補充說明
1.readonly屬性
?(1)@property中readonly表示不允許修改對象的指針地址,但是可以修改對象的屬性。
?(2)通常使用@property關鍵字定義屬性時,會生成getter&setter方法,還會生成一個帶下劃線的成員變量。
?(3)如果是readonly屬性,只會生成getter方法,不會生成帶下劃線的成員變量.
2.instancetype類型
(1)instancetype會讓編譯器檢查實例化對象的準確類型?
(2)instancetype只能用于返回類型,不能當做參數使用
3.instancetype & id的比較
(1) instancetype在類型表示上,跟id一樣,可以表示任何對象類型
(2) instancetype只能用在返回值類型上,不能像id一樣用在參數類型上
(3) instancetype比id多一個好處:編譯器會檢測instancetype的真實類型