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06-Spring數據訪問與JDBC模板
📖 本文概述
本文是SSM框架系列Spring進階篇的第三篇,將深入探討Spring的數據訪問技術,重點介紹JdbcTemplate的使用和最佳實踐。通過詳細的代碼示例,幫助讀者掌握Spring數據訪問層的設計和實現。
🎯 學習目標
- 深入理解Spring數據訪問架構
- 掌握JdbcTemplate的各種用法
- 學會處理數據訪問異常
- 了解數據源配置和連接池管理
- 掌握數據訪問層的最佳實踐
1. Spring數據訪問架構
1.1 數據訪問層架構
/*** Spring數據訪問層架構演示*/
public class DataAccessArchitecture {/*** Spring數據訪問層的核心組件:* * 1. DataSource - 數據源,管理數據庫連接* 2. JdbcTemplate - JDBC模板,簡化JDBC操作* 3. NamedParameterJdbcTemplate - 命名參數JDBC模板* 4. SimpleJdbcInsert - 簡化插入操作* 5. SimpleJdbcCall - 簡化存儲過程調用* 6. DataAccessException - 數據訪問異常體系*//*** 數據訪問層的層次結構:* * Service Layer (業務層)* ↓* DAO Layer (數據訪問層)* ↓* JdbcTemplate (JDBC模板)* ↓* DataSource (數據源)* ↓* Database (數據庫)*//*** Spring數據訪問的優勢:* * 1. 統一的異常體系* 2. 資源管理自動化* 3. 事務管理集成* 4. 模板方法模式簡化代碼* 5. 支持多種數據訪問技術*/
}
1.2 數據源配置
/*** 數據源配置示例*/
@Configuration
public class DataSourceConfig {/*** HikariCP數據源配置(推薦)*/@Bean@Primarypublic DataSource hikariDataSource() {HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();// 基本連接信息config.setJdbcUrl("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testdb?useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC");config.setUsername("root");config.setPassword("password");config.setDriverClassName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");// 連接池配置config.setMaximumPoolSize(20); // 最大連接數config.setMinimumIdle(5); // 最小空閑連接數config.setConnectionTimeout(30000); // 連接超時時間(毫秒)config.setIdleTimeout(600000); // 空閑超時時間(毫秒)config.setMaxLifetime(1800000); // 連接最大生存時間(毫秒)config.setLeakDetectionThreshold(60000); // 連接泄漏檢測閾值// 連接測試config.setConnectionTestQuery("SELECT 1");// 連接池名稱config.setPoolName("HikariCP-Pool");return new HikariDataSource(config);}/*** Druid數據源配置*/@Beanpublic DataSource druidDataSource() {DruidDataSource dataSource = new DruidDataSource();// 基本連接信息dataSource.setUrl("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testdb");dataSource.setUsername("root");dataSource.setPassword("password");dataSource.setDriverClassName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");// 連接池配置dataSource.setInitialSize(5); // 初始連接數dataSource.setMinIdle(5); // 最小空閑連接數dataSource.setMaxActive(20); // 最大連接數dataSource.setMaxWait(60000); // 獲取連接最大等待時間// 連接有效性檢測dataSource.setTestWhileIdle(true);dataSource.setTestOnBorrow(false);dataSource.setTestOnReturn(false);dataSource.setValidationQuery("SELECT 1");dataSource.setValidationQueryTimeout(30);// 連接回收dataSource.setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis(60000);dataSource.setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis(300000);// 監控配置dataSource.setFilters("stat,wall,log4j2");return dataSource;}/*** 嵌入式數據源(用于測試)*/@Bean@Profile("test")public DataSource embeddedDataSource() {return new EmbeddedDatabaseBuilder().setType(EmbeddedDatabaseType.H2).addScript("classpath:schema.sql").addScript("classpath:data.sql").build();}/*** JNDI數據源*/@Bean@Profile("production")public DataSource jndiDataSource() {JndiDataSourceLookup lookup = new JndiDataSourceLookup();return lookup.getDataSource("java:comp/env/jdbc/MyDataSource");}
}
2. JdbcTemplate基礎用法
2.1 基本CRUD操作
/*** JdbcTemplate基本CRUD操作*/
@Repository
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {@Autowiredprivate JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;/*** 插入操作*/@Overridepublic int save(User user) {String sql = "INSERT INTO users (username, email, age, create_time) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";return jdbcTemplate.update(sql, user.getUsername(), user.getEmail(), user.getAge(), new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));}/*** 插入并返回自增主鍵*/@Overridepublic User saveAndReturnKey(User user) {String sql = "INSERT INTO users (username, email, age, create_time) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";KeyHolder keyHolder = new GeneratedKeyHolder();jdbcTemplate.update(connection -> {PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);ps.setString(1, user.getUsername());ps.setString(2, user.getEmail());ps.setInt(3, user.getAge());ps.setTimestamp(4, new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));return ps;}, keyHolder);user.setId(keyHolder.getKey().longValue());return user;}/*** 更新操作*/@Overridepublic int update(User user) {String sql = "UPDATE users SET username = ?, email = ?, age = ?, update_time = ? WHERE id = ?";return jdbcTemplate.update(sql,user.getUsername(),user.getEmail(),user.getAge(),new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()),user.getId());}/*** 刪除操作*/@Overridepublic int deleteById(Long id) {String sql = "DELETE FROM users WHERE id = ?";return jdbcTemplate.update(sql, id);}/*** 批量刪除*/@Overridepublic int[] deleteByIds(List<Long> ids) {String sql = "DELETE FROM users WHERE id = ?";List<Object[]> batchArgs = ids.stream().map(id -> new Object[]{id}).collect(Collectors.toList());return jdbcTemplate.batchUpdate(sql, batchArgs);}/*** 查詢單個對象*/@Overridepublic User findById(Long id) {String sql = "SELECT id, username, email, age, create_time, update_time FROM users WHERE id = ?";try {return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, new UserRowMapper(), id);} catch (EmptyResultDataAccessException e) {return null; // 沒有找到記錄}}/*** 查詢列表*/@Overridepublic List<User> findAll() {String sql = "SELECT id, username, email, age, create_time, update_time FROM users ORDER BY id";return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, new UserRowMapper());}/*** 條件查詢*/@Overridepublic List<User> findByAge(int minAge, int maxAge) {String sql = "SELECT id, username, email, age, create_time, update_time FROM users WHERE age BETWEEN ? AND ?";return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, new UserRowMapper(), minAge, maxAge);}/*** 統計查詢*/@Overridepublic long count() {String sql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users";return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, Long.class);}/*** 檢查存在性*/@Overridepublic boolean existsById(Long id) {String sql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users WHERE id = ?";Integer count = jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, Integer.class, id);return count != null && count > 0;}
}
2.2 RowMapper實現
/*** 用戶行映射器*/
public class UserRowMapper implements RowMapper<User> {@Overridepublic User mapRow(ResultSet rs, int rowNum) throws SQLException {User user = new User();user.setId(rs.getLong("id"));user.setUsername(rs.getString("username"));user.setEmail(rs.getString("email"));user.setAge(rs.getInt("age"));user.setCreateTime(rs.getTimestamp("create_time"));user.setUpdateTime(rs.getTimestamp("update_time"));return user;}
}/*** 使用Lambda表達式的RowMapper*/
@Repository
public class LambdaUserDao {@Autowiredprivate JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;/*** 使用Lambda表達式簡化RowMapper*/public List<User> findAllWithLambda() {String sql = "SELECT id, username, email, age, create_time, update_time FROM users";return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, (rs, rowNum) -> {User user = new User();user.setId(rs.getLong("id"));user.setUsername(rs.getString("username"));user.setEmail(rs.getString("email"));user.setAge(rs.getInt("age"));user.setCreateTime(rs.getTimestamp("create_time"));user.setUpdateTime(rs.getTimestamp("update_time"));return user;});}/*** 使用BeanPropertyRowMapper*/public List<User> findAllWithBeanMapper() {String sql = "SELECT id, username, email, age, create_time as createTime, update_time as updateTime FROM users";return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, new BeanPropertyRowMapper<>(User.class));}
}
3. NamedParameterJdbcTemplate
3.1 命名參數的使用
/*** NamedParameterJdbcTemplate使用示例*/
@Repository
public class NamedParameterUserDao {@Autowiredprivate NamedParameterJdbcTemplate namedParameterJdbcTemplate;/*** 使用Map傳遞參數*/public User findByUsernameAndEmail(String username, String email) {String sql = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = :username AND email = :email";Map<String, Object> params = new HashMap<>();params.put("username", username);params.put("email", email);try {return namedParameterJdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, params, new UserRowMapper());} catch (EmptyResultDataAccessException e) {return null;}}/*** 使用SqlParameterSource*/public int saveWithParameterSource(User user) {String sql = "INSERT INTO users (username, email, age, create_time) " +"VALUES (:username, :email, :age, :createTime)";SqlParameterSource params = new BeanPropertySqlParameterSource(user);return namedParameterJdbcTemplate.update(sql, params);}/*** 使用MapSqlParameterSource*/public List<User> findByAgeRange(int minAge, int maxAge) {String sql = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE age BETWEEN :minAge AND :maxAge ORDER BY age";MapSqlParameterSource params = new MapSqlParameterSource();params.addValue("minAge", minAge);params.addValue("maxAge", maxAge);return namedParameterJdbcTemplate.query(sql, params, new UserRowMapper());}/*** IN查詢*/public List<User> findByIds(List<Long> ids) {String sql = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (:ids)";Map<String, Object> params = Collections.singletonMap("ids", ids);return namedParameterJdbcTemplate.query(sql, params, new UserRowMapper());}/*** 批量操作*/public int[] batchSave(List<User> users) {String sql = "INSERT INTO users (username, email, age, create_time) " +"VALUES (:username, :email, :age, :createTime)";SqlParameterSource[] batchParams = users.stream().map(BeanPropertySqlParameterSource::new).toArray(SqlParameterSource[]::new);return namedParameterJdbcTemplate.batchUpdate(sql, batchParams);}/*** 復雜查詢條件*/public List<User> findByComplexConditions(UserSearchCriteria criteria) {StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder("SELECT * FROM users WHERE 1=1");MapSqlParameterSource params = new MapSqlParameterSource();if (criteria.getUsername() != null) {sql.append(" AND username LIKE :username");params.addValue("username", "%" + criteria.getUsername() + "%");}if (criteria.getEmail() != null) {sql.append(" AND email = :email");params.addValue("email", criteria.getEmail());}if (criteria.getMinAge() != null) {sql.append(" AND age >= :minAge");params.addValue("minAge", criteria.getMinAge());}if (criteria.getMaxAge() != null) {sql.append(" AND age <= :maxAge");params.addValue("maxAge", criteria.getMaxAge());}sql.append(" ORDER BY id");return namedParameterJdbcTemplate.query(sql.toString(), params, new UserRowMapper());}
}/*** 搜索條件類*/
public class UserSearchCriteria {private String username;private String email;private Integer minAge;private Integer maxAge;// getter/setter方法
}
4. SimpleJdbcInsert和SimpleJdbcCall
4.1 SimpleJdbcInsert使用
/*** SimpleJdbcInsert使用示例*/
@Repository
public class SimpleJdbcInsertUserDao {private SimpleJdbcInsert simpleJdbcInsert;@Autowiredpublic SimpleJdbcInsertUserDao(DataSource dataSource) {this.simpleJdbcInsert = new SimpleJdbcInsert(dataSource).withTableName("users").usingGeneratedKeyColumns("id");}/*** 簡單插入操作*/public Long save(User user) {Map<String, Object> parameters = new HashMap<>();parameters.put("username", user.getUsername());parameters.put("email", user.getEmail());parameters.put("age", user.getAge());parameters.put("create_time", new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));Number key = simpleJdbcInsert.executeAndReturnKey(parameters);return key.longValue();}/*** 使用BeanPropertySqlParameterSource*/public Long saveWithBean(User user) {user.setCreateTime(new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));SqlParameterSource parameters = new BeanPropertySqlParameterSource(user);Number key = simpleJdbcInsert.executeAndReturnKey(parameters);return key.longValue();}/*** 批量插入*/public void batchSave(List<User> users) {Map<String, Object>[] batchValues = users.stream().map(user -> {Map<String, Object> params = new HashMap<>();params.put("username", user.getUsername());params.put("email", user.getEmail());params.put("age", user.getAge());params.put("create_time", new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));return params;}).toArray(Map[]::new);simpleJdbcInsert.executeBatch(batchValues);}
}
4.2 SimpleJdbcCall使用
/*** SimpleJdbcCall使用示例*/
@Repository
public class SimpleJdbcCallUserDao {private SimpleJdbcCall getUserByIdCall;private SimpleJdbcCall updateUserAgeCall;@Autowiredpublic SimpleJdbcCallUserDao(DataSource dataSource) {JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate = new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);// 配置存儲過程調用this.getUserByIdCall = new SimpleJdbcCall(jdbcTemplate).withProcedureName("get_user_by_id");this.updateUserAgeCall = new SimpleJdbcCall(jdbcTemplate).withProcedureName("update_user_age").declareParameters(new SqlParameter("user_id", Types.BIGINT),new SqlParameter("new_age", Types.INTEGER),new SqlOutParameter("result", Types.INTEGER));}/*** 調用存儲過程查詢用戶*/public User getUserById(Long id) {SqlParameterSource in = new MapSqlParameterSource().addValue("user_id", id);Map<String, Object> result = getUserByIdCall.execute(in);// 處理結果集@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")List<Map<String, Object>> rows = (List<Map<String, Object>>) result.get("#result-set-1");if (rows.isEmpty()) {return null;}Map<String, Object> row = rows.get(0);User user = new User();user.setId(((Number) row.get("id")).longValue());user.setUsername((String) row.get("username"));user.setEmail((String) row.get("email"));user.setAge(((Number) row.get("age")).intValue());return user;}/*** 調用存儲過程更新用戶年齡*/public boolean updateUserAge(Long userId, int newAge) {SqlParameterSource in = new MapSqlParameterSource().addValue("user_id", userId).addValue("new_age", newAge);Map<String, Object> result = updateUserAgeCall.execute(in);Integer returnValue = (Integer) result.get("result");return returnValue != null && returnValue > 0;}/*** 調用函數*/public String getUsernameById(Long id) {SimpleJdbcCall function = new SimpleJdbcCall(new JdbcTemplate(dataSource)).withFunctionName("get_username_by_id").declareParameters(new SqlParameter("user_id", Types.BIGINT),new SqlReturnResultSet("result", new UserRowMapper()));SqlParameterSource in = new MapSqlParameterSource().addValue("user_id", id);String username = function.executeFunction(String.class, in);return username;}
}
5. 異常處理
5.1 數據訪問異常體系
/*** Spring數據訪問異常處理*/
@Repository
public class ExceptionHandlingUserDao {@Autowiredprivate JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ExceptionHandlingUserDao.class);/*** 處理各種數據訪問異常*/public User saveUser(User user) {String sql = "INSERT INTO users (username, email, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)";try {KeyHolder keyHolder = new GeneratedKeyHolder();jdbcTemplate.update(connection -> {PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);ps.setString(1, user.getUsername());ps.setString(2, user.getEmail());ps.setInt(3, user.getAge());return ps;}, keyHolder);user.setId(keyHolder.getKey().longValue());return user;} catch (DuplicateKeyException e) {logger.error("用戶名或郵箱已存在: {}", user.getUsername(), e);throw new UserAlreadyExistsException("用戶名或郵箱已存在", e);} catch (DataIntegrityViolationException e) {logger.error("數據完整性約束違反: {}", user.getUsername(), e);throw new InvalidUserDataException("用戶數據不符合約束條件", e);} catch (DataAccessException e) {logger.error("數據訪問異常: {}", user.getUsername(), e);throw new UserDataAccessException("保存用戶時發生數據庫錯誤", e);}}/*** 處理查詢異常*/public User findUserById(Long id) {String sql = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?";try {return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, new UserRowMapper(), id);} catch (EmptyResultDataAccessException e) {logger.debug("用戶不存在: {}", id);return null;} catch (IncorrectResultSizeDataAccessException e) {logger.error("查詢返回多個結果,期望單個結果: {}", id, e);throw new DataInconsistencyException("數據不一致,ID對應多個用戶", e);} catch (DataAccessException e) {logger.error("查詢用戶時發生數據庫錯誤: {}", id, e);throw new UserDataAccessException("查詢用戶時發生數據庫錯誤", e);}}/*** 事務回滾異常處理*/@Transactionalpublic void transferUserData(Long fromUserId, Long toUserId) {try {// 模擬數據轉移操作User fromUser = findUserById(fromUserId);User toUser = findUserById(toUserId);if (fromUser == null || toUser == null) {throw new UserNotFoundException("用戶不存在");}// 執行轉移邏輯performDataTransfer(fromUser, toUser);} catch (DataAccessException e) {logger.error("數據轉移失敗,事務將回滾", e);throw new DataTransferException("數據轉移失敗", e);}}private void performDataTransfer(User fromUser, User toUser) {// 模擬數據轉移邏輯}
}/*** 自定義異常類*/
public class UserAlreadyExistsException extends RuntimeException {public UserAlreadyExistsException(String message, Throwable cause) {super(message, cause);}
}public class InvalidUserDataException extends RuntimeException {public InvalidUserDataException(String message, Throwable cause) {super(message, cause);}
}public class UserDataAccessException extends RuntimeException {public UserDataAccessException(String message, Throwable cause) {super(message, cause);}
}public class DataInconsistencyException extends RuntimeException {public DataInconsistencyException(String message, Throwable cause) {super(message, cause);}
}public class UserNotFoundException extends RuntimeException {public UserNotFoundException(String message) {super(message);}
}public class DataTransferException extends RuntimeException {public DataTransferException(String message, Throwable cause) {super(message, cause);}
}
6. 最佳實踐
6.1 DAO層設計模式
/*** DAO層設計最佳實踐*/
public interface BaseDao<T, ID> {T save(T entity);T update(T entity);void deleteById(ID id);T findById(ID id);List<T> findAll();long count();boolean existsById(ID id);
}/*** 抽象DAO基類*/
public abstract class AbstractJdbcDao<T, ID> implements BaseDao<T, ID> {@Autowiredprotected JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;@Autowiredprotected NamedParameterJdbcTemplate namedParameterJdbcTemplate;protected abstract String getTableName();protected abstract String getIdColumnName();protected abstract RowMapper<T> getRowMapper();protected abstract Map<String, Object> entityToMap(T entity);@Overridepublic T findById(ID id) {String sql = String.format("SELECT * FROM %s WHERE %s = ?", getTableName(), getIdColumnName());try {return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, getRowMapper(), id);} catch (EmptyResultDataAccessException e) {return null;}}@Overridepublic List<T> findAll() {String sql = String.format("SELECT * FROM %s ORDER BY %s", getTableName(), getIdColumnName());return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, getRowMapper());}@Overridepublic long count() {String sql = String.format("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s", getTableName());return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, Long.class);}@Overridepublic boolean existsById(ID id) {String sql = String.format("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s WHERE %s = ?", getTableName(), getIdColumnName());Integer count = jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, Integer.class, id);return count != null && count > 0;}
}/*** 具體DAO實現*/
@Repository
public class UserDaoImpl extends AbstractJdbcDao<User, Long> implements UserDao {@Overrideprotected String getTableName() {return "users";}@Overrideprotected String getIdColumnName() {return "id";}@Overrideprotected RowMapper<User> getRowMapper() {return new UserRowMapper();}@Overrideprotected Map<String, Object> entityToMap(User user) {Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();map.put("username", user.getUsername());map.put("email", user.getEmail());map.put("age", user.getAge());map.put("create_time", user.getCreateTime());map.put("update_time", user.getUpdateTime());return map;}@Overridepublic User save(User user) {if (user.getId() == null) {return insert(user);} else {update(user);return user;}}private User insert(User user) {String sql = "INSERT INTO users (username, email, age, create_time) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";KeyHolder keyHolder = new GeneratedKeyHolder();jdbcTemplate.update(connection -> {PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);ps.setString(1, user.getUsername());ps.setString(2, user.getEmail());ps.setInt(3, user.getAge());ps.setTimestamp(4, new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));return ps;}, keyHolder);user.setId(keyHolder.getKey().longValue());return user;}@Overridepublic User update(User user) {String sql = "UPDATE users SET username = ?, email = ?, age = ?, update_time = ? WHERE id = ?";int rows = jdbcTemplate.update(sql,user.getUsername(),user.getEmail(),user.getAge(),new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()),user.getId());if (rows == 0) {throw new UserNotFoundException("用戶不存在: " + user.getId());}return user;}@Overridepublic void deleteById(Long id) {String sql = "DELETE FROM users WHERE id = ?";int rows = jdbcTemplate.update(sql, id);if (rows == 0) {throw new UserNotFoundException("用戶不存在: " + id);}}/*** 自定義查詢方法*/public List<User> findByUsername(String username) {String sql = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE username LIKE ?";return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, getRowMapper(), "%" + username + "%");}public List<User> findByAgeRange(int minAge, int maxAge) {String sql = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE age BETWEEN ? AND ? ORDER BY age";return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, getRowMapper(), minAge, maxAge);}
}
7. 小結
本文深入介紹了Spring的數據訪問技術:
- 數據訪問架構:Spring數據訪問層的核心組件和架構
- JdbcTemplate:基本CRUD操作和RowMapper使用
- 命名參數模板:NamedParameterJdbcTemplate的各種用法
- 簡化操作:SimpleJdbcInsert和SimpleJdbcCall的使用
- 異常處理:數據訪問異常體系和處理策略
- 最佳實踐:DAO層設計模式和代碼組織
掌握Spring數據訪問的關鍵點:
- 正確配置數據源和連接池
- 熟練使用JdbcTemplate進行數據操作
- 合理處理數據訪問異常
- 設計清晰的DAO層架構
- 選擇合適的參數傳遞方式
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