文章目錄
- 一、創建數據表
- 二、連接MySQL數據庫
- 三、封裝成一個完整的輕量級 ORM 風格類
- 四、實現派生具體模型類
- 五、支持多線程連接池 + ORM + 事務封裝
一、創建數據表
數據庫名:
我們先創建一個數據庫,名字叫 game_db:
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS game_db DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;
USE game_db;
創建玩家表:players
CREATE TABLE players (player_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,username VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL UNIQUE,password_hash VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL,nickname VARCHAR(32),level INT DEFAULT 1,experience INT DEFAULT 0,gold INT DEFAULT 0,created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
插入 20 條玩家信息 SQL 語句:
INSERT INTO players (username, password_hash, nickname, level, experience, gold) VALUES
('user001', MD5('password1'), 'Knight001', 5, 1200, 500),
('user002', MD5('password2'), 'Mage002', 3, 800, 300),
('user003', MD5('password3'), 'Archer003', 7, 1800, 750),
('user004', MD5('password4'), 'Rogue004', 2, 400, 100),
('user005', MD5('password5'), 'Cleric005', 10, 3200, 1200),
('user006', MD5('password6'), 'Paladin006', 4, 950, 400),
('user007', MD5('password7'), 'Hunter007', 6, 1400, 600),
('user008', MD5('password8'), 'Druid008', 8, 2200, 900),
('user009', MD5('password9'), 'Monk009', 9, 2500, 1000),
('user010', MD5('password10'), 'Barbarian010', 1, 100, 50),
('user011', MD5('password11'), 'Warrior011', 5, 1300, 550),
('user012', MD5('password12'), 'Sorcerer012', 3, 700, 300),
('user013', MD5('password13'), 'Assassin013', 6, 1600, 650),
('user014', MD5('password14'), 'Priest014', 7, 1900, 800),
('user015', MD5('password15'), 'Ranger015', 2, 500, 200),
('user016', MD5('password16'), 'Berserker016', 4, 1100, 450),
('user017', MD5('password17'), 'Necromancer017', 8, 2300, 950),
('user018', MD5('password18'), 'Templar018', 9, 2700, 1100),
('user019', MD5('password19'), 'Shaman019', 10, 3000, 1250),
('user020', MD5('password20'), 'Witch020', 1, 200, 100);
表中結果如下所示:
二、連接MySQL數據庫
database_manager.h
#ifndef DATABASEMANAGER_H
#define DATABASEMANAGER_H#include <QObject>
#include <QMutex>
#include <QSqlDatabase>
#include <QSqlError>enum DatabaseType {MySQL = 0,SQLite,PostgreSQL,// 可擴展更多類型
};typedef struct stConnectParams {DatabaseType dbType;QString strHostName;QString strDbName;QString strUserName;QString strPassword;QString strConnectionName;int port;
} ConnectParams;class DatabaseManager : public QObject
{Q_OBJECT
public:static DatabaseManager& instance();void initConnectionParams(const ConnectParams& connectParams);void initializeConnection();private:explicit DatabaseManager(QObject *parent = nullptr);~DatabaseManager();DatabaseManager(const DatabaseManager&) = delete;DatabaseManager& operator =(const DatabaseManager&) = delete;DatabaseManager(const DatabaseManager&&) = delete;DatabaseManager& operator =(const DatabaseManager&&) = delete;signals:private:ConnectParams m_connectParams;
};
database_manager.cpp
#include "database_manager.h"#include <QDebug>DatabaseManager::DatabaseManager(QObject *parent) : QObject(parent)
{}DatabaseManager::~DatabaseManager()
{}DatabaseManager& DatabaseManager::instance()
{static DatabaseManager instance;return instance;
}void DatabaseManager::initConnectionParams(const ConnectParams& connectParams)
{m_connectParams.dbType = connectParams.dbType;m_connectParams.strHostName = connectParams.strHostName;m_connectParams.strDbName = connectParams.strDbName;m_connectParams.strUserName = connectParams.strUserName;m_connectParams.strPassword = connectParams.strPassword;m_connectParams.strConnectionName = connectParams.strConnectionName;m_connectParams.port = connectParams.port;
}void DatabaseManager::initializeConnection()
{if (QSqlDatabase::contains(m_connectParams.strConnectionName)) {qDebug() << "db:" << m_connectParams.strConnectionName << "already connected";return;}QString strDriver;switch (m_connectParams.dbType) {case DatabaseType::SQLite:strDriver = "QSQLITE";break;case DatabaseType::MySQL:strDriver = "QMYSQL";break;case DatabaseType::PostgreSQL:strDriver = "QPSQL";break;}if (strDriver.isEmpty()) {qDebug() << "can't find driver";return;}QSqlDatabase db = QSqlDatabase::addDatabase(strDriver, m_connectParams.strConnectionName);if (m_connectParams.dbType == DatabaseType::SQLite) {db.setDatabaseName(m_connectParams.strDbName); // SQLite只需數據庫文件路徑} else {db.setConnectOptions("MYSQL_OPT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT=5;""MYSQL_OPT_READ_TIMEOUT=5;""MYSQL_OPT_WRITE_TIMEOUT=5;");db.setHostName(m_connectParams.strHostName);db.setPort(m_connectParams.port);db.setDatabaseName(m_connectParams.strDbName);db.setUserName(m_connectParams.strUserName);db.setPassword(m_connectParams.strPassword);}if (!db.open()) {qDebug() << "Database connection failed:" << db.lastError().text();} else {qDebug() << "Database connected successfully!";}
}
三、封裝成一個完整的輕量級 ORM 風格類
什么是ORM 模型類的?
ORM(Object-Relational Mapping)模型類的作用,是將數據庫中的表與 C++(或其他語言)中的類進行映射和封裝,讓你能像操作普通對象那樣操作數據庫數據,避免直接拼接 SQL 字符串,提高代碼的可讀性、可維護性、安全性和抽象性。
ORM 模型類的作用總結如下:
3.1 表結構 → 類結構
ORM 會把數據庫表(如 users)映射成一個類(如 User),表字段對應類成員或字段名:
// 數據庫表字段
// id | name | age// ORM類字段
QVariantMap row;
row["id"] = 1;
row["name"] = "Alice";
row["age"] = 30;
3.2 簡化 SQL 操作
讓你寫這樣的代碼:
userModel.insert({{"name", "Tom"}, {"age", 25}});
而不需要寫繁瑣的 SQL:
INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES ('Tom', 25);
目標功能:
- 封裝成類 OrmModel 或基類 OrmBase
- 支持設置數據庫連接、表名
- 支持 select / insert / update / delete 等基礎操作
- 使用 QVariantMap 傳入/返回數據
- ORM風格:調用 model.select(…) 而不是手寫 SQL 字符串
類定義:OrmBase
#ifndef DBORMBASE_H
#define DBORMBASE_H#include <QObject>
#include <QSqlDatabase>
#include <QVariantMap>
#include <QVariantList>class DbOrmBase : public QObject
{Q_OBJECT
public:explicit DbOrmBase(const QString &tableName, const QString &connectionName);~DbOrmBase();// CRUDQVariantList select(const QString &strWhereClause = "", const QStringList &columns = {});bool insert(const QVariantMap &values);bool update(const QVariantMap &values, const QString &strWhereClause);bool remove(const QString &strWhereClause);private:bool isConnected() const;private:QString m_tableName;QString m_connectionName;QSqlDatabase m_db; // 保存數據庫實例
};#endif // DBORMBASE_H
類實現:OrmBase.cpp
#include "OrmBase.h"
#include <QSqlQuery>
#include <QSqlError>
#include <QSqlRecord>
#include <QDebug>OrmBase::OrmBase(const QString &tableName, const QString &connectionName): m_tableName(tableName), m_connectionName(connectionName)
{}QVariantList OrmBase::select(const QString &whereClause, const QStringList &columns)
{QVariantList results;QSqlDatabase db = QSqlDatabase::database(m_connectionName);if (!db.isOpen()) {qDebug() << "Database not open";return results;}QString columnStr = columns.isEmpty() ? "*" : columns.join(", ");QString sql = QString("SELECT %1 FROM %2").arg(columnStr, m_tableName);if (!whereClause.trimmed().isEmpty()) {sql += " WHERE " + whereClause;}QSqlQuery query(db);if (!query.exec(sql)) {qDebug() << "Select failed:" << query.lastError().text();return results;}while (query.next()) {QVariantMap row;QSqlRecord rec = query.record();for (int i = 0; i < rec.count(); ++i) {row[rec.fieldName(i)] = query.value(i);}results << row;}return results;
}bool OrmBase::insert(const QVariantMap &values)
{QSqlDatabase db = QSqlDatabase::database(m_connectionName);if (!db.isOpen()) return false;QStringList columns, placeholders;QVariantList bindValues;for (auto it = values.begin(); it != values.end(); ++it) {columns << it.key();placeholders << "?";bindValues << it.value();}QString sql = QString("INSERT INTO %1 (%2) VALUES (%3)").arg(m_tableName).arg(columns.join(", ")).arg(placeholders.join(", "));QSqlQuery query(db);query.prepare(sql);for (const QVariant &val : bindValues) {query.addBindValue(val);}if (!query.exec()) {qDebug() << "Insert failed:" << query.lastError().text();return false;}return true;
}bool OrmBase::update(const QVariantMap &values, const QString &whereClause)
{QSqlDatabase db = QSqlDatabase::database(m_connectionName);if (!db.isOpen()) return false;QStringList sets;QVariantList bindValues;for (auto it = values.begin(); it != values.end(); ++it) {sets << QString("%1 = ?").arg(it.key());bindValues << it.value();}QString sql = QString("UPDATE %1 SET %2").arg(m_tableName, sets.join(", "));if (!whereClause.trimmed().isEmpty()) {sql += " WHERE " + whereClause;}QSqlQuery query(db);query.prepare(sql);for (const QVariant &val : bindValues) {query.addBindValue(val);}if (!query.exec()) {qDebug() << "Update failed:" << query.lastError().text();return false;}return true;
}bool OrmBase::remove(const QString &whereClause)
{QSqlDatabase db = QSqlDatabase::database(m_connectionName);if (!db.isOpen()) return false;QString sql = QString("DELETE FROM %1").arg(m_tableName);if (!whereClause.trimmed().isEmpty()) {sql += " WHERE " + whereClause;}QSqlQuery query(db);if (!query.exec(sql)) {qDebug() << "Delete failed:" << query.lastError().text();return false;}return true;
}
使用示例:
#include <QCoreApplication>
#include <QDebug>
#include <QDateTime>#include "database_manager.h"
#include "db_ormbase.h"int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{QCoreApplication a(argc, argv);ConnectParams connectParams;connectParams.dbType = DatabaseType::MySQL;connectParams.strHostName = "localhost";connectParams.strDbName = "game_db";connectParams.strUserName = "root";connectParams.strPassword = "root";connectParams.strConnectionName = "user_game";connectParams.port = 3306;DatabaseManager::instance().initConnectionParams(connectParams);DatabaseManager::instance().initializeConnection();DbOrmBase userModel("players", "user_game");QVariantList playerList = userModel.select("experience > 1000");for (const QVariant &playerVar : playerList) {QVariantMap playerMap = playerVar.toMap();int playerId = playerMap.value("player_id").toInt();QString username = playerMap.value("username").toString();QString nickname = playerMap.value("nickname").toString();int level = playerMap.value("level").toInt();int experience = playerMap.value("experience").toInt();int gold = playerMap.value("gold").toInt();QString passwordHash = playerMap.value("password_hash").toString();QDateTime createdAt = playerMap.value("created_at").toDateTime();// 可以進行打印、顯示、或保存到類對象中qDebug() << "ID:" << playerId<< "用戶名:" << username<< "昵稱:" << nickname<< "等級:" << level<< "經驗:" << experience<< "金幣:" << gold<< "密碼Hash:" << passwordHash<< "創建時間:" << createdAt.toString(Qt::ISODate);}return a.exec();
}
輸出結果:
四、實現派生具體模型類
為什么要派生?
雖然 OrmBase 已支持通用 CRUD,但派生后的 UserModel 能實現:
- 指定固定表名(如 players)
- 添加和 players 表相關的專屬函數(如 getAdultUsers()、findByName())
- 讓調用更具語義:UserModel user; user.insert(…)
創建 UserModel 類
UserModel.h
#ifndef USERMODEL_H
#define USERMODEL_H#include "OrmBase.h"class UserModel : public OrmBase
{
public:explicit UserModel(const QString &connectionName = "default");// 自定義業務函數QVariantList getAdultUsers();QVariantMap findById(int id);QVariantList findByName(const QString &name);
};#endif // USERMODEL_H
UserModel.cpp
#include "UserModel.h"UserModel::UserModel(const QString &connectionName): OrmBase("players", connectionName) // 固定表名為 users
{}// 查詢年齡 >= 18 的用戶
QVariantList UserModel::getAdultUsers()
{return select("experience >= 1000", {"player_id", "username", "experience"});
}// 查詢某個 ID 的用戶(返回一行)
QVariantMap UserModel::findById(int id)
{auto results = select(QString("player_id = %1").arg(id));return results.isEmpty() ? QVariantMap() : results.first().toMap();
}// 查詢某個名字的所有用戶
QVariantList UserModel::findByName(const QString &name)
{QString clause = QString("username = '%1'").arg(name.replace("'", "''")); // 簡單防注入return select(clause);
}
五、支持多線程連接池 + ORM + 事務封裝
將構建以下組件:
+-------------------------+
| DBConnectionPool | 線程安全連接池類(單例)
+-------------------------+
| OrmBase | ORM 基類(封裝表操作 + 自動獲取線程連接)
+-------------------------+
| OrmManager | 管理多個模型,支持事務封裝
+-------------------------+
| XxxModel : OrmBase | 表模型(如 UserModel)
+-------------------------+
5.1 線程安全數據庫連接池:DBConnectionPool
DBConnectionPool.h
#ifndef DBCONNECTIONPOOL_H
#define DBCONNECTIONPOOL_H#include <QSqlDatabase>
#include <QMutex>
#include <QMap>
#include <QThreadStorage>class DBConnectionPool
{
public:static DBConnectionPool &instance();void init(const QString &driver,const QString &host,int port,const QString &dbName,const QString &user,const QString &password,int maxConn = 10);QSqlDatabase getConnection();void closeAll();private:DBConnectionPool() = default;Q_DISABLE_COPY(DBConnectionPool)QString m_driver, m_host, m_dbName, m_user, m_password;int m_port = 3306;int m_maxConn = 10;QMutex m_mutex;int m_connIndex = 0;QThreadStorage<QString> m_threadConnName;
};#endif // DBCONNECTIONPOOL_H
DBConnectionPool.cpp
#include "DBConnectionPool.h"
#include <QSqlDatabase>
#include <QSqlError>
#include <QDebug>DBConnectionPool &DBConnectionPool::instance()
{static DBConnectionPool pool;return pool;
}void DBConnectionPool::init(const QString &driver,const QString &host,int port,const QString &dbName,const QString &user,const QString &password,int maxConn)
{m_driver = driver;m_host = host;m_port = port;m_dbName = dbName;m_user = user;m_password = password;m_maxConn = maxConn;
}QSqlDatabase DBConnectionPool::getConnection()
{if (!m_threadConnName.hasLocalData()) {QMutexLocker locker(&m_mutex);QString connName = QString("conn_%1").arg(++m_connIndex);m_threadConnName.setLocalData(connName);QSqlDatabase db = QSqlDatabase::addDatabase(m_driver, connName);db.setHostName(m_host);db.setPort(m_port);db.setDatabaseName(m_dbName);db.setUserName(m_user);db.setPassword(m_password);db.setConnectOptions("MYSQL_OPT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT=5;""MYSQL_OPT_RECONNECT=1");if (!db.open()) {qCritical() << "Failed to open DB:" << db.lastError().text();}}return QSqlDatabase::database(m_threadConnName.localData());
}void DBConnectionPool::closeAll()
{QMutexLocker locker(&m_mutex);for (int i = 1; i <= m_connIndex; ++i) {QString name = QString("conn_%1").arg(i);if (QSqlDatabase::contains(name)) {QSqlDatabase::removeDatabase(name);}}m_connIndex = 0;
}
5.2 ORM 基類 OrmBase(使用連接池)
class OrmBase
{
public:OrmBase(const QString &tableName);virtual ~OrmBase() = default;bool insert(const QVariantMap &values);QVariantList select(const QString &whereClause = "", const QStringList &columns = {});bool update(const QVariantMap &values, const QString &whereClause);bool remove(const QString &whereClause);QSqlDatabase db() const;protected:QString m_tableName;
};
關鍵點:OrmBase 中不再保存 QSqlDatabase 實例,而是每次從線程池中獲取:
QSqlDatabase OrmBase::db() const
{return DBConnectionPool::instance().getConnection();
}
5.3 事務封裝類 OrmManager
用于封裝如下邏輯:
- beginTransaction()
- commit()
- rollback()
class OrmManager
{
public:static bool beginTransaction();static bool commit();static bool rollback();
};
實現:
bool OrmManager::beginTransaction()
{QSqlDatabase db = DBConnectionPool::instance().getConnection();return db.transaction();
}bool OrmManager::commit()
{QSqlDatabase db = DBConnectionPool::instance().getConnection();return db.commit();
}bool OrmManager::rollback()
{QSqlDatabase db = DBConnectionPool::instance().getConnection();return db.rollback();
}
5.4 使用示例:線程內事務 + 多表操作
DBConnectionPool::instance().init("QMYSQL", "127.0.0.1", 3306, "testdb", "root", "123456");UserModel user;
OrderModel order;OrmManager::beginTransaction();
bool ok1 = user.insert({{"name", "Tom"}});
bool ok2 = order.insert({{"user_id", 1}, {"amount", 200.0}});
if (ok1 && ok2)OrmManager::commit();
elseOrmManager::rollback();
5.5 線程使用示例(多線程安全)
QtConcurrent::run([](){UserModel u;u.insert({{"name", "ThreadUser"}});
});