文章目錄
- 什么是JDBC
- JDBC使用步驟
- 詳解各個對象
- DriverManager
- Connection
- Statement
- ResultSet
- PreparedStatement
- JDBC控制事務
- 操作步驟
- 示例
什么是JDBC
我們知道,數據庫有很多種,比如 mysql,Oracle,DB2等等,如果每一種數據庫的操作方式都不一樣那就會很難受,所以 java 提供了一種規范,讓各個數據庫廠商按照這個規范去行程一套 jar 包,而 java 代碼只需要寫同一套代碼(JDBC)就可以兼容所有的數據庫。
一句話總結:java 期望使用統一的一套 java 代碼就可以操作所有的關系型數據庫
JDBC使用步驟
- 導入驅動 jar 包 mysql-connector-java-5.1.37-bin.jar
1.1.復制 mysql-connector-java-5.1.37-bin.jar 到項目的libs目錄下
1.2.右鍵–>Add As Library - 注冊驅動
- 獲取數據庫連接對象 Connection
- 定義sql
- 獲取執行sql語句的對象 Statement
- 執行sql,接受返回結果
- 處理結果
- 釋放資源
package cn.itcast.jdbc;import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.Statement;/*** JDBC快速入門*/
public class JdbcDemo1 {public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {//1. 導入驅動jar包//2. 注冊驅動(可省略)// Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");//3. 獲取數據庫連接對象// Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db3", "root", "root");Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db3", "root", "root");//4. 定義sql語句// String sql = "update account set balance = 2000 where id = 1";String sql = "update account set balance = 2000";//5. 獲取執行sql的對象 StatementStatement stmt = conn.createStatement();//6. 執行sqlint count = stmt.executeUpdate(sql);//7. 處理結果System.out.println(count);//8. 釋放資源stmt.close();conn.close();}
}
以上的代碼,我們可以看到有幾個 sql 相關的對象:
- DriverManager
- Connection
- Statement
- ResultSet
- PreparedStatement
接下來我們詳解各個對象
詳解各個對象
DriverManager
是驅動管理對象,功能有:
1、注冊驅動:告訴程序該使用哪一個數據庫驅動 jar
在代碼中注冊驅動的體現就是這句: Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
,但是為什么這句是注冊驅動?
// 通過查看源碼發現:在com.mysql.jdbc.Driver類中存在靜態代碼塊
static {try {// 這個才是真正的注冊驅動java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());} catch (SQLException E) {throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");}
}
注意:mysql5之后的驅動jar包可以省略注冊驅動的步驟。
2、獲取數據庫連接:
- 方法:
static Connection getConnection(String url, String user, String password)
- 參數:
- url:指定連接的路徑
- 語法:
jdbc:mysql://ip地址(域名):端口號/數據庫名稱
- 例子:
jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db3
- 細節:如果連接的是本機mysql服務器,并且mysql服務默認端口是3306,則url可以簡寫為:jdbc:mysql:///數據庫名稱
- 語法:
- user:用戶名
- password:密碼
- url:指定連接的路徑
Connection
數據庫連接對象,功能:
1. 獲取執行sql 的對象* Statement createStatement()* PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql)
2. 管理事務:* 開啟事務:setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit) :調用該方法設置參數為false,即開啟事務* 提交事務:commit() * 回滾事務:rollback()
Statement
執行sql的對象。
功能1:執行sql
- boolean execute(String sql) :可以執行任意的sql (了解即可不常用)
- int executeUpdate(String sql) :執行DML(insert、update、delete)語句、DDL(create,alter、drop)語句。返回值:影響的行數,可以通過這個影響的行數判斷DML語句是否執行成功 返回值>0的則執行成功,反之,則失敗。
- ResultSet executeQuery(String sql) :執行DQL(select)語句
練習:
- account表 添加一條記錄
- account表 修改記錄
- account表 刪除一條記錄
package cn.xxx.jdbc;import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;/*** account表 添加一條記錄 insert 語句*/
public class JDBCDemo2 {public static void main(String[] args) {Statement stmt = null;Connection conn = null;try {//1. 注冊驅動Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");//2. 定義sql// String sql = "update account set balance = 1500 where id = 3";// String sql = "delete from account where id = 3";String sql = "insert into account values(null,'王五',3000)";//3.獲取Connection對象conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db3", "root", "root");//4.獲取執行sql的對象 Statementstmt = conn.createStatement();//5.執行sqlint count = stmt.executeUpdate(sql);//影響的行數//6.處理結果System.out.println(count);if(count > 0){System.out.println("添加成功!");}else{System.out.println("添加失敗!");}} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {e.printStackTrace();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}finally {//stmt.close();//7. 釋放資源//避免空指針異常if(stmt != null){try {stmt.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(conn != null){try {conn.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}}
}
ResultSet
結果集對象,封裝查詢結果。
-
boolean next(): 游標向下移動一行,判斷當前行是否是最后一行末尾(是否有數據),如果是,則返回false,如果不是則返回true
-
getXxx(參數):獲取數據
- Xxx:代表數據類型 如: int getInt() , String getString()
- 參數:
- int:代表列的編號,從1開始 如: getString(1)
- String:代表列名稱。 如: getDouble(“balance”)
-
注意:
- 使用步驟:
- 游標向下移動一行
- 判斷是否有數據
- 獲取數據
- 使用步驟:
//循環判斷游標是否是最后一行末尾。
while(rs.next()){//獲取數據//6.2 獲取數據int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);
}
基本使用
package cn.xxx.jdbc;import java.sql.*;/*** 執行DDL語句*/
public class JDBCDemo6 {public static void main(String[] args) {Connection conn = null;Statement stmt = null;ResultSet rs = null;try {//1. 注冊驅動Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");//2.獲取連接對象conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db3", "root", "root");//3.定義sqlString sql = "select * from account";//4.獲取執行sql對象stmt = conn.createStatement();//5.執行sqlrs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);//6.處理結果//6.1 讓游標向下移動一行rs.next();//6.2 獲取數據int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);//6.1 讓游標向下移動一行rs.next();//6.2 獲取數據int id2 = rs.getInt(1);String name2 = rs.getString("name");double balance2 = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id2 + "---" + name2 + "---" + balance2);//6.1 讓游標向下移動一行rs.next();//6.2 獲取數據int id3 = rs.getInt(1);String name3 = rs.getString("name");double balance3 = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id3 + "---" + name3 + "---" + balance3);} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {e.printStackTrace();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {//7.釋放資源if(rs != null){try {rs.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(stmt != null){try {stmt.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(conn != null){try {conn.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}}}
優化使用
package cn.itcast.jdbc;import java.sql.*;/*** 執行DDL語句*/
public class JDBCDemo7 {public static void main(String[] args) {Connection conn = null;Statement stmt = null;ResultSet rs = null;try {//1. 注冊驅動Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");//2.獲取連接對象conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db3", "root", "root");//3.定義sqlString sql = "select * from account";//4.獲取執行sql對象stmt = conn.createStatement();//5.執行sqlrs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);//6.處理結果//循環判斷游標是否是最后一行末尾。while(rs.next()){//獲取數據//6.2 獲取數據int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);}/* //6.1 讓游標向下移動一行if(rs.next()){//判斷是否有數據//6.2 獲取數據int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);}//6.1 讓游標向下移動一行if(rs.next()){//判斷是否有數據//6.2 獲取數據int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);}//6.1 讓游標向下移動一行if(rs.next()){//判斷是否有數據//6.2 獲取數據int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);}//6.1 讓游標向下移動一行if(rs.next()){//判斷是否有數據//6.2 獲取數據int id = rs.getInt(1);String name = rs.getString("name");double balance = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id + "---" + name + "---" + balance);}*//* //6.1 讓游標向下移動一行rs.next();//6.2 獲取數據int id2 = rs.getInt(1);String name2 = rs.getString("name");double balance2 = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id2 + "---" + name2 + "---" + balance2);//6.1 讓游標向下移動一行rs.next();//6.2 獲取數據int id3 = rs.getInt(1);String name3 = rs.getString("name");double balance3 = rs.getDouble(3);System.out.println(id3 + "---" + name3 + "---" + balance3);*/} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {e.printStackTrace();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {//7.釋放資源if(rs != null){try {rs.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(stmt != null){try {stmt.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(conn != null){try {conn.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}}}
- 練習:
- 定義一個方法,查詢emp表的數據將其封裝為對象,然后裝載集合,返回。
- 定義 Emp 類
- 定義方法
public List<Emp> findAll(){}
- 實現方法
select * from emp
;
- 定義一個方法,查詢emp表的數據將其封裝為對象,然后裝載集合,返回。
簡單封裝 JDBC utils
package cn.xxx.util;import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Properties;/*** JDBC工具類*/
public class JDBCUtils {private static String url;private static String user;private static String password;private static String driver;/*** 文件的讀取,只需要讀取一次即可拿到這些值。使用靜態代碼塊*/static{//讀取資源文件,獲取值。try {//1. 創建Properties集合類。Properties pro = new Properties();//獲取src路徑下的文件的方式--->ClassLoader 類加載器ClassLoader classLoader = JDBCUtils.class.getClassLoader();URL res = classLoader.getResource("jdbc.properties");String path = res.getPath();// System.out.println(path);///D:/IdeaProjects/itcast/out/production/day04_jdbc/jdbc.properties//2. 加載文件// pro.load(new FileReader("D:\\IdeaProjects\\itcast\\day04_jdbc\\src\\jdbc.properties"));pro.load(new FileReader(path));//3. 獲取數據,賦值url = pro.getProperty("url");user = pro.getProperty("user");password = pro.getProperty("password");driver = pro.getProperty("driver");//4. 注冊驅動Class.forName(driver);} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}/*** 獲取連接* @return 連接對象*/public static Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {return DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);}/*** 釋放資源* @param stmt* @param conn*/public static void close(Statement stmt,Connection conn){if( stmt != null){try {stmt.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if( conn != null){try {conn.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}/*** 釋放資源* @param stmt* @param conn*/public static void close(ResultSet rs,Statement stmt, Connection conn){if( rs != null){try {rs.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if( stmt != null){try {stmt.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if( conn != null){try {conn.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}}
package cn.xxx.domain;import java.util.Date;/*** 封裝Emp表數據的JavaBean*/
public class Emp {private int id;private String ename;private int job_id;private int mgr;private Date joindate;private double salary;private double bonus;private int dept_id;public int getId() {return id;}public void setId(int id) {this.id = id;}public String getEname() {return ename;}public void setEname(String ename) {this.ename = ename;}public int getJob_id() {return job_id;}public void setJob_id(int job_id) {this.job_id = job_id;}public int getMgr() {return mgr;}public void setMgr(int mgr) {this.mgr = mgr;}public Date getJoindate() {return joindate;}public void setJoindate(Date joindate) {this.joindate = joindate;}public double getSalary() {return salary;}public void setSalary(double salary) {this.salary = salary;}public int getDept_id() {return dept_id;}public void setDept_id(int dept_id) {this.dept_id = dept_id;}public double getBonus() {return bonus;}public void setBonus(double bonus) {this.bonus = bonus;}@Overridepublic String toString() {return "Emp{" +"id=" + id +", ename='" + ename + '\'' +", job_id=" + job_id +", mgr=" + mgr +", joindate=" + joindate +", salary=" + salary +", bonus=" + bonus +", dept_id=" + dept_id +'}';}
}
package cn.xxx.jdbc;import cn.xxx.domain.Emp;
import cn.xxx.util.JDBCUtils;import java.sql.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;/*** * 定義一個方法,查詢emp表的數據將其封裝為對象,然后裝載集合,返回。*/
public class JDBCDemo8 {public static void main(String[] args) {List<Emp> list = new JDBCDemo8().findAll2();System.out.println(list);System.out.println(list.size());}/*** 查詢所有emp對象,演示JDBC工具類* @return*/public List<Emp> findAll2(){Connection conn = null;Statement stmt = null;ResultSet rs = null;List<Emp> list = null;try {/* //1.注冊驅動Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");//2.獲取連接conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db3", "root", "root");*/conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();//3.定義sqlString sql = "select * from emp";//4.獲取執行sql的對象stmt = conn.createStatement();//5.執行sqlrs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);//6.遍歷結果集,封裝對象,裝載集合Emp emp = null;list = new ArrayList<Emp>();while(rs.next()){//獲取數據int id = rs.getInt("id");String ename = rs.getString("ename");int job_id = rs.getInt("job_id");int mgr = rs.getInt("mgr");Date joindate = rs.getDate("joindate");double salary = rs.getDouble("salary");double bonus = rs.getDouble("bonus");int dept_id = rs.getInt("dept_id");// 創建emp對象,并賦值emp = new Emp();emp.setId(id);emp.setEname(ename);emp.setJob_id(job_id);emp.setMgr(mgr);emp.setJoindate(joindate);emp.setSalary(salary);emp.setBonus(bonus);emp.setDept_id(dept_id);//裝載集合list.add(emp);}} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}finally {/*if(rs != null){try {rs.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(stmt != null){try {stmt.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if(conn != null){try {conn.close();} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}*/JDBCUtils.close(rs,stmt,conn);}return list;}}
使用JDBC utils 完成簡單的登錄
package cn.xxx.jdbc;import cn.xxx.util.JDBCUtils;import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Scanner;/*** 練習:* * 需求:* 1. 通過鍵盤錄入用戶名和密碼* 2. 判斷用戶是否登錄成功*/
public class JDBCDemo9 {public static void main(String[] args) {//1.鍵盤錄入,接受用戶名和密碼Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);System.out.println("請輸入用戶名:");String username = sc.nextLine();System.out.println("請輸入密碼:");String password = sc.nextLine();//2.調用方法boolean flag = new JDBCDemo9().login(username, password);//3.判斷結果,輸出不同語句if(flag){//登錄成功System.out.println("登錄成功!");}else{System.out.println("用戶名或密碼錯誤!");}}/*** 登錄方法*/public boolean login(String username ,String password){if(username == null || password == null){return false;}//連接數據庫判斷是否登錄成功Connection conn = null;Statement stmt = null;ResultSet rs = null;//1.獲取連接try {conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();//2.定義sqlString sql = "select * from user where username = '"+username+"' and password = '"+password+"' ";System.out.println(sql);//3.獲取執行sql的對象stmt = conn.createStatement();//4.執行查詢rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);//5.判斷/* if(rs.next()){//如果有下一行,則返回truereturn true;}else{return false;}*/return rs.next();//如果有下一行,則返回true} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}finally {JDBCUtils.close(rs,stmt,conn);}return false;}}
PreparedStatement
執行sql的對象
-
SQL注入問題:在拼接sql時,有一些sql的特殊關鍵字參與字符串的拼接。會造成安全性問題
1. 輸入用戶隨便,輸入密碼:a’ or ‘a’ = 'a
2. 最終的sql就是:select * from user where username = ‘fhdsjkf’ and password = ‘a’ or ‘a’ = ‘a’ -
解決sql注入問題:使用PreparedStatement對象來解決,PreparedStatement使用預編譯的SQL,也就是參數使用?作為占位符
-
步驟:
- 導入驅動jar包 mysql-connector-java-5.1.37-bin.jar
- 注冊驅動
- 獲取數據庫連接對象 Connection
- 定義sql
- 注意:sql的參數使用?作為占位符。 如:select * from user where username = ? and password = ?;
- 獲取執行sql語句的對象 PreparedStatement Connection.prepareStatement(String sql)
- 給?賦值:
- 方法: setXxx(參數1,參數2)
- 參數1:?的位置編號 從1 開始
- 參數2:?的值
- 方法: setXxx(參數1,參數2)
- 執行sql,接受返回結果,不需要傳遞sql語句
- 處理結果
- 釋放資源
-
注意:后期都會使用PreparedStatement來完成增刪改查的所有操作
- 可以防止SQL注入
- 效率更高
重寫上面的登錄例子
package cn.xxx.jdbc;import cn.xxx.util.JDBCUtils;import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Scanner;/*** 練習:* * 需求:* 1. 通過鍵盤錄入用戶名和密碼* 2. 判斷用戶是否登錄成功*/
public class JDBCDemo9 {public static void main(String[] args) {//1.鍵盤錄入,接受用戶名和密碼Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);System.out.println("請輸入用戶名:");String username = sc.nextLine();System.out.println("請輸入密碼:");String password = sc.nextLine();//2.調用方法boolean flag = new JDBCDemo9().login2(username, password);//3.判斷結果,輸出不同語句if(flag){//登錄成功System.out.println("登錄成功!");}else{System.out.println("用戶名或密碼錯誤!");}}/*** 登錄方法,使用PreparedStatement實現*/public boolean login2(String username ,String password){if(username == null || password == null){return false;}//連接數據庫判斷是否登錄成功Connection conn = null;PreparedStatement pstmt = null;ResultSet rs = null;//1.獲取連接try {conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();//2.定義sqlString sql = "select * from user where username = ? and password = ?";//3.獲取執行sql的對象pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql);//給?賦值pstmt.setString(1,username);pstmt.setString(2,password);//4.執行查詢,不需要傳遞sqlrs = pstmt.executeQuery();//5.判斷/* if(rs.next()){//如果有下一行,則返回truereturn true;}else{return false;}*/return rs.next();//如果有下一行,則返回true} catch (SQLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}finally {JDBCUtils.close(rs,pstmt,conn);}return false;}}
JDBC控制事務
操作步驟
1、開啟事務
setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit)
:調用該方法設置參數為false,即開啟事務- 在執行sql之前開啟事務
2、提交事務
commit()
- 當所有sql都執行完提交事務
3、回滾事務
rollback()
- 在catch中回滾事務
示例
package cn.xxx.jdbc;import cn.xxx.util.JDBCUtils;import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;/*** 事務操作*/
public class JDBCDemo10 {public static void main(String[] args) {Connection conn = null;PreparedStatement pstmt1 = null;PreparedStatement pstmt2 = null;try {//1.獲取連接conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();//開啟事務conn.setAutoCommit(false);//2.定義sql//2.1 張三 - 500String sql1 = "update account set balance = balance - ? where id = ?";//2.2 李四 + 500String sql2 = "update account set balance = balance + ? where id = ?";//3.獲取執行sql對象pstmt1 = conn.prepareStatement(sql1);pstmt2 = conn.prepareStatement(sql2);//4. 設置參數pstmt1.setDouble(1,500);pstmt1.setInt(2,1);pstmt2.setDouble(1,500);pstmt2.setInt(2,2);//5.執行sqlpstmt1.executeUpdate();// 手動制造異常,如果沒有開啟事務,那么pstmt1執行成功了,pstmt2就沒有執行。開啟事務后都沒有執行int i = 3/0;pstmt2.executeUpdate();//提交事務conn.commit();} catch (Exception e) {//事務回滾try {if(conn != null) {conn.rollback();}} catch (SQLException e1) {e1.printStackTrace();}e.printStackTrace();}finally {JDBCUtils.close(pstmt1,conn);JDBCUtils.close(pstmt2,null);}}}