Spring Boot使用線程池創建多線程

在 Spring Boot 2 中，可以使用 @Autowired 注入 線程池（ThreadPoolTaskExecutor 或 ExecutorService），從而管理線程的創建和執行。以下是使用 @Autowired 方式注入線程池的完整示例。

1. 通過 `@Autowired` 注入 `ThreadPoolTaskExecutor`

步驟 1：配置線程池

創建 ThreadPoolTaskExecutor 的 @Bean 配置：

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;@Configuration
public class ThreadPoolConfig {@Bean(name = "customTaskExecutor")public Executor taskExecutor() {ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();executor.setCorePoolSize(5);  // 核心線程數executor.setMaxPoolSize(10);  // 最大線程數executor.setQueueCapacity(25); // 任務隊列容量executor.setThreadNamePrefix("Async-Executor-"); // 線程名前綴executor.initialize();return executor;}
}

步驟 2：使用 `@Autowired` 注入線程池

在 Service 層，通過 @Autowired 注入 ThreadPoolTaskExecutor 并執行任務：

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import java.util.concurrent.Future;@Service
public class AsyncTaskService {private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AsyncTaskService.class);@Autowired@Qualifier("customTaskExecutor") // 通過 @Qualifier 指定 Bean 名稱private ThreadPoolTaskExecutor customTaskExecutor;// 提交異步任務public void runAsyncTask() {customTaskExecutor.execute(() -> {logger.info("異步任務執行，線程名：{}", Thread.currentThread().getName());try {Thread.sleep(2000); // 模擬耗時任務} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}logger.info("異步任務完成，線程名：{}", Thread.currentThread().getName());});}// 提交帶返回值的異步任務public Future<String> runAsyncTaskWithResult() {return customTaskExecutor.submit(() -> {logger.info("執行帶返回值的異步任務，線程名：{}", Thread.currentThread().getName());Thread.sleep(2000);return "任務完成";});}
}

步驟 3：在 Controller 中調用

在 Controller 層，通過 @Autowired 調用 AsyncTaskService：

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;import java.util.concurrent.Future;@RestController
@RequestMapping("/task")
public class AsyncTaskController {@Autowiredprivate AsyncTaskService asyncTaskService;@GetMapping("/run")public String runTask() {asyncTaskService.runAsyncTask();return "任務已提交";}@GetMapping("/runWithResult")public String runTaskWithResult() throws Exception {Future<String> result = asyncTaskService.runAsyncTaskWithResult();return "任務結果：" + result.get();}
}

2. 通過 `@Autowired` 注入 `ThreadPoolTaskScheduler`（適用于定時任務）

步驟 1：配置 `ThreadPoolTaskScheduler`

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler;@Configuration
public class TaskSchedulerConfig {@Beanpublic ThreadPoolTaskScheduler taskScheduler() {ThreadPoolTaskScheduler scheduler = new ThreadPoolTaskScheduler();scheduler.setPoolSize(5);  // 線程池大小scheduler.setThreadNamePrefix("Scheduled-Task-");scheduler.initialize();return scheduler;}
}

步驟 2：在 Service 中使用 `@Autowired` 注入

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;@Service
public class ScheduledTaskService {private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ScheduledTaskService.class);@Autowiredprivate ThreadPoolTaskScheduler taskScheduler;public void scheduleTask() {ScheduledFuture<?> future = taskScheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> {logger.info("執行定時任務，線程名：{}", Thread.currentThread().getName());}, 5000);}
}

步驟 3：在 Controller 中調用

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestController
@RequestMapping("/schedule")
public class ScheduleTaskController {@Autowiredprivate ScheduledTaskService scheduledTaskService;@GetMapping("/start")public String startScheduledTask() {scheduledTaskService.scheduleTask();return "定時任務已啟動";}
}

3. 通過 `@Autowired` 注入 `ExecutorService`

如果你更喜歡 Java 原生的 ExecutorService，可以使用 @Bean 配置：

步驟 1：定義 `ExecutorService` 線程池

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;@Configuration
public class ExecutorServiceConfig {@Beanpublic ExecutorService fixedThreadPool() {return Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);}
}

步驟 2：在 Service 中注入 `ExecutorService`

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;@Service
public class ExecutorServiceTask {private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ExecutorServiceTask.class);@Autowiredprivate ExecutorService executorService;public void executeTask() {executorService.execute(() -> {logger.info("執行任務，線程名：{}", Thread.currentThread().getName());});}
}

步驟 3：在 Controller 中調用

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestController
@RequestMapping("/executor")
public class ExecutorServiceController {@Autowiredprivate ExecutorServiceTask executorServiceTask;@GetMapping("/run")public String runTask() {executorServiceTask.executeTask();return "任務已提交";}
}

總結

方式	適用場景	配置方式
`ThreadPoolTaskExecutor`	普通異步任務 (`@Async` 或 `execute`)	`@Autowired private ThreadPoolTaskExecutor`
`ThreadPoolTaskScheduler`	定時任務	`@Autowired private ThreadPoolTaskScheduler`
`ExecutorService`	原生 Java 線程池	`@Autowired private ExecutorService`