一、poll函數

#include <poll.h>int poll(struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds, int timeout);

功能：poll 是 Linux 系統中的一種 I/O 多路復用機制，主要用于同時監控多個文件描述符的狀態。

參數：

• fds：指向 struct pollfd 數組的指針，每個元素指定一個要監控的文件描述符及其關注的事件
• nfds：數組中元素的數量（即監控的文件描述符總數）
• timeout：超時時間（毫秒）：
  • -1：永久阻塞，直到有事件發生
  • 0：立即返回（非阻塞模式）
  • >0：指定超時時間，超時后返回

返回值：

• 正數：表示就緒的文件描述符總數
• 0：表示超時（無文件描述符就緒）
• -1：表示錯誤，并設置 errno

struct pollfd 結構

struct pollfd {int fd;         // 文件描述符short events;   // 關注的事件（輸入掩碼，如 POLLIN、POLLOUT）short revents;  // 實際發生的事件（輸出掩碼，由內核填充）
};

poll 函數支持的標準事件類型，本質上是宏，只有一個比特位為1，通過與events和revents異或分為兩種情況：

• 調用時：用戶告訴內核，需要關注文件描述符中的events事件
• 返回時：內核告訴用戶，用戶關注的文件描述符，有revents中的事件準備就緒

事件	描述	是否可以作為輸入	是否可以作為輸出
POLLIN	有普通數據或優先數據可讀	是	是
POLLRDNORM	有普通數據可讀	是	是
POLLRDBAND	有優先級帶數據可讀	是	是
POLLPRI	有高優先級帶數據可讀	是	是
POLLOUT	有普通數據或優先數據可寫	是	是
POLLWRNORM	有普通數據可寫	是	是
POLLWRBAND	有優先級帶數據可寫	是	是
POLLRDHUP	TCP連接的對端關閉連接，或關閉了寫操作	是	是
POLLHUP	掛起	否	是
POLLERR	錯誤	否	是
POLLNVAL	文件描述符未打開	否	是

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二、poll的優缺點

• 優點
  1. poll 只負責等待，可以等待多個文件描述符，在IO的時候效率會比較高
  2. 輸入和輸出參數進行分離，events和revents，不需要再對poll的參數進行頻繁的重置了
  3. poll使用了動態數組，所以 poll 能夠檢測文件描述符的個數也是沒有有限的
• 缺點
  1. 用戶和內核之間，需要一直進行數據拷貝
  2. 在編寫代碼的時候，需要遍歷動態數組，可能會影響select的效率
  3. poll 會讓操作系統在底層遍歷要關心的所有文件描述符，會導致效率降低

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三、實現poll服務器（只關心讀事件）

3.1 Log.hpp（日志）

#pragma once#include "LockGuard.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>using namespace std;// 日志等級
enum
{Debug = 0, // 調試Info,      // 正常Warning,   // 警告Error,     // 錯誤，但程序并未直接退出Fatal      // 程序直接掛掉
};enum
{Screen = 10, // 打印到顯示器上OneFile,     // 打印到一個文件中ClassFile    // 按照日志等級打印到不同的文件中
};string LevelToString(int level)
{switch (level){case Debug:return "Debug";case Info:return "Info";case Warning:return "Warning";case Error:return "Error";case Fatal:return "Fatal";default:return "Unknow";}
}const char *default_filename = "log.";
const int default_style = Screen;
const char *defaultdir = "log";class Log
{
public:Log(): style(default_style), filename(default_filename){// mkdir(defaultdir,0775);pthread_mutex_init(&_log_mutex, nullptr);}void SwitchStyle(int sty){style = sty;}void WriteLogToOneFile(const string &logname, const string &logmessage){int fd = open(logname.c_str(), O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_APPEND, 0666);if (fd == -1)return;{LockGuard lockguard(&_log_mutex);write(fd, logmessage.c_str(), logmessage.size());}close(fd);}void WriteLogToClassFile(const string &levelstr, const string &logmessage){mkdir(defaultdir, 0775);string name = defaultdir;name += "/";name += filename;name += levelstr;WriteLogToOneFile(name, logmessage);}void WriteLog(int level, const string &logmessage){switch (style){case Screen:{LockGuard lockguard(&_log_mutex);cout << logmessage;}break;case OneFile:WriteLogToClassFile("All", logmessage);break;case ClassFile:WriteLogToClassFile(LevelToString(level), logmessage);break;default:break;}}string GetTime(){time_t CurrentTime = time(nullptr);struct tm *curtime = localtime(&CurrentTime);char time[128];// localtime 的年是從1900開始的，所以要加1900， 月是從0開始的所以加1snprintf(time, sizeof(time), "%d-%d-%d %d:%d:%d",curtime->tm_year + 1900, curtime->tm_mon + 1, curtime->tm_mday,curtime->tm_hour, curtime->tm_min, curtime->tm_sec);return time;return "";}void LogMessage(int level, const char *format, ...){char left[1024];string Levelstr = LevelToString(level).c_str();string Timestr = GetTime().c_str();string Idstr = to_string(getpid());snprintf(left, sizeof(left), "[%s][%s][%s] ",Levelstr.c_str(), Timestr.c_str(), Idstr.c_str());va_list args;va_start(args, format);char right[1024];vsnprintf(right, sizeof(right), format, args);string logmessage = left;logmessage += right;WriteLog(level, logmessage);va_end(args);}~Log(){pthread_mutex_destroy(&_log_mutex);};private:int style;string filename;pthread_mutex_t _log_mutex;
};Log lg;class Conf
{
public:Conf(){lg.SwitchStyle(Screen);}~Conf(){}
};Conf conf;

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3.2 Lockguard.hpp（自動管理鎖）

#pragma once#include <iostream>class Mutex
{
public:Mutex(pthread_mutex_t* lock):pmutex(lock){}void Lock(){pthread_mutex_lock(pmutex);}void Unlock(){pthread_mutex_unlock(pmutex);}~Mutex(){}
public:pthread_mutex_t* pmutex;
};class LockGuard
{
public:LockGuard(pthread_mutex_t* lock):mutex(lock){mutex.Lock();}~LockGuard(){mutex.Unlock();}
public:Mutex mutex;
};

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3.3 Socket.hpp（封裝套接字）

#pragma once#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <errno.h>#define CONV(addrptr) (struct sockaddr*)addrptrenum{Socket_err = 1,Bind_err,Listen_err
};const static int defalutsockfd = -1;
const int defalutbacklog = 5;class Socket
{
public:virtual ~Socket(){};virtual void CreateSocketOrDie() = 0;virtual void BindSocketOrDie(uint16_t port) = 0;virtual void ListenSocketOrDie(int backlog) = 0;virtual int AcceptConnection(std::string* ip , uint16_t* port) = 0;virtual bool ConnectServer(const std::string& serverip , uint16_t serverport) = 0;virtual int GetSockFd() = 0;virtual void SetSockFd(int sockfd) = 0;virtual void CloseSockFd() = 0;virtual bool Recv(std::string& buffer,int size) = 0;virtual void Send(const std::string& send_string) = 0;public:void BuildListenSocketMethod(uint16_t port,int backlog = defalutbacklog){CreateSocketOrDie();BindSocketOrDie(port);ListenSocketOrDie(backlog);}bool BuildConnectSocketMethod(const std::string& serverip , uint16_t serverport){CreateSocketOrDie();return ConnectServer(serverip,serverport);}void BuildNormalSocketMethod(int sockfd){SetSockFd(sockfd);}
};class TcpSocket : public Socket
{
public:TcpSocket(int sockfd = defalutsockfd):_sockfd(sockfd){}~TcpSocket(){};void CreateSocketOrDie() override{_sockfd = ::socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);if(_sockfd < 0) exit(Socket_err);}void BindSocketOrDie(uint16_t port) override{struct sockaddr_in addr;memset(&addr,0,sizeof(addr));addr.sin_family = AF_INET;addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;addr.sin_port = htons(port);socklen_t len = sizeof(addr);int n = ::bind(_sockfd,CONV(&addr),len);if(n < 0) exit(Bind_err);}void ListenSocketOrDie(int backlog) override{int n = ::listen(_sockfd,backlog);if(n < 0) exit(Listen_err);}int AcceptConnection(std::string* clientip , uint16_t* clientport) override{struct sockaddr_in client;memset(&client,0,sizeof(client));socklen_t len = sizeof(client);int fd = ::accept(_sockfd,CONV(&client),&len);if(fd < 0) return -1;char buffer[64];inet_ntop(AF_INET,&client.sin_addr,buffer,len);*clientip = buffer;*clientport = ntohs(client.sin_port);return fd;}   bool ConnectServer(const std::string& serverip , uint16_t serverport) override{struct sockaddr_in server;memset(&server,0,sizeof(server));server.sin_family = AF_INET;// server.sin_addr.s_addr =  inet_addr(serverip.c_str());inet_pton(AF_INET,serverip.c_str(),&server.sin_addr);server.sin_port = htons(serverport);socklen_t len = sizeof(server);int n = connect(_sockfd,CONV(&server),len);if(n < 0) return false;else return true;}int GetSockFd() override{return _sockfd;}void SetSockFd(int sockfd) override{_sockfd = sockfd;}void CloseSockFd() override{if(_sockfd > defalutsockfd){close(_sockfd);}}bool Recv(std::string& buffer , int size)override{char inbuffer[size];int n = recv(_sockfd,inbuffer,sizeof(inbuffer)-1,0);if(n > 0){inbuffer[n] = 0;}else{return false;}buffer += inbuffer;return true;}void Send(const std::string& send_string){send(_sockfd,send_string.c_str(),send_string.size(),0);}private:int _sockfd;
};

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3.4 PollServer.hpp（服務端封裝）

#pragma once#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <poll.h>
#include "Socket.hpp"
#include "Log.hpp"
#include <memory>using namespace std;const static uint16_t defalutport = 8888;
const static int gbacklog = 8;
const static int num = 1024;class PollServer
{
private:void HandlerEvent(){for (int i = 0; i < _num; i++){// 是否監控if (_rfds[i].fd == -1)continue;// 是否就緒int fd = _rfds[i].fd;if (_rfds[i].revents & POLLIN){// 是新連接到來，還是新數據到來// 新連接到來if (fd == _listensock->GetSockFd()){lg.LogMessage(Info, "get a new link\n");string clientip;uint16_t cilentport;// 由于select已經檢測到listensock已經就緒了，這里不會阻塞int sockfd = _listensock->AcceptConnection(&clientip, &cilentport);if (sockfd == -1){lg.LogMessage(Error, "accept error\n");continue;}lg.LogMessage(Info, "get a client , client info# %s %d , fd:%d\n", clientip.c_str(), cilentport, sockfd);// 這里已經獲取連接成功，由于底層數據不一定就緒// 所以這里需要將新連接的文件描述符交給poll托管// 只需將文件描述符加入到_rfds即可int pos = 0;for (; pos < _num; pos++){if (_rfds[pos].fd == -1){_rfds[pos].fd = sockfd;_rfds[pos].events |= POLLIN;break;}}// 當存儲上限時，可以選擇擴容，由于poll并不是很重要，這里我為了方便就直接關閉文件描述符if(pos == _num){close(sockfd);lg.LogMessage(Warning, "server is full...!\n");}}else{  // 是新數據來了// 這里讀是有問題的char buffer[1024];bool flag = recv(fd,buffer,1024,0);if(flag)  // 讀取成功{lg.LogMessage(Info,"client say# %s\n",buffer);}else  // 讀取失敗{lg.LogMessage(Warning,"cilent quit !! close fd : %d\n",fd);close(fd);_rfds[i].fd = -1;_rfds[i].events = 0;_rfds[i].revents = 0;}}}}}public:PollServer(uint16_t port = defalutport): _port(port), _listensock(new TcpSocket()), _isrunning(false), _num(num),_rfds(new pollfd[_num]){}void Init(){_listensock->BuildListenSocketMethod(_port, gbacklog);for (int i = 0; i < _num; i++){_rfds[i].fd = -1;_rfds[i].events = 0;_rfds[i].revents = 0;}_rfds[0].fd = _listensock.get()->GetSockFd();_rfds[0].events |= POLLIN;}void Loop(){_isrunning = true;while (_isrunning){PrintDebug();int timeout = 1000;ssize_t n = poll(_rfds,_num,timeout);switch (n){case -1:{lg.LogMessage(Fatal, "select Error\n");break;}case 0:{lg.LogMessage(Info, "select timeout...");break;}default:{lg.LogMessage(Info, "select success , begin handler event\n");HandlerEvent();break;}}}_isrunning = false;}void Stop(){_isrunning = false;}// 查看當前哪些文件描述符需要被監控void PrintDebug(){std::cout << "current select rfds list is : ";for (int i = 0; i < _num; i++){if (_rfds[i].fd == -1)continue;elsestd::cout << _rfds[i].fd << " ";}std::cout << std::endl;}~PollServer() {delete[] _rfds;}private:unique_ptr<Socket> _listensock;uint16_t _port;bool _isrunning;int _num;struct pollfd* _rfds;
};

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3.5 Main.cpp（服務端）

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include "PollServer.hpp"using namespace std;// ./pollServer port
int main(int argc , char* argv[])
{if(argc != 2){cout << "Usage : " << argv[0] << " port" << endl;exit(0); }uint16_t localport = stoi(argv[1]);unique_ptr<PollServer> svr = make_unique<PollServer>(localport);svr->Init();svr->Loop();return 0;
}

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結尾

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