sed 簡明教程

轉自：https://coolshell.cn/articles/9104.html

awk于1977年出生，今年36歲本命年，sed比awk大2-3歲，awk就像林妹妹，sed就是寶玉哥哥了。所以林妹妹跳了個Topless，他的哥哥sed坐不住了，也一定要出來抖一抖。

sed全名叫stream editor，流編輯器，用程序的方式來編輯文本，相當的hacker啊。sed基本上就是玩正則模式匹配，所以，玩sed的人，正則表達式一般都比較強。

同樣，本篇文章不會說sed的全部東西，你可以參看sed的手冊，我這里主要還是想和大家競爭一下那些從手機指縫間或馬桶里流走的時間，用這些時間來學習一些東西。當然，接下來的還是要靠大家自己雙手。

用s命令替換

我使用下面的這段文本做演示：

$ cat pets.txt
This is my catmy cat's name is betty
This is my dogmy dog's name is frank
This is my fishmy fish's name is george
This is my goatmy goat's name is adam

把其中的my字符串替換成Hao Chen’s，下面的語句應該很好理解（s表示替換命令，/my/表示匹配my，/Hao Chen’s/表示把匹配替換成Hao Chen’s，/g 表示一行上的替換所有的匹配）：

$ sed "s/my/Hao Chen's/g" pets.txt
This is Hao Chen's catHao Chen's cat's name is betty
This is Hao Chen's dogHao Chen's dog's name is frank
This is Hao Chen's fishHao Chen's fish's name is george
This is Hao Chen's goatHao Chen's goat's name is adam

注意：如果你要使用單引號，那么你沒辦法通過 \’ 這樣來轉義，就有雙引號就可以了，在雙引號內可以用 \” 來轉義。

再注意：上面的sed并沒有對文件的內容改變，只是把處理過后的內容輸出，如果你要寫回文件，你可以使用重定向，如：

$ sed "s/my/Hao Chen's/g" pets.txt > hao_pets.txt

或使用 -i 參數直接修改文件內容：

$ sed -i "s/my/Hao Chen's/g" pets.txt

在每一行最前面加點東西：

$ sed 's/^/#/g' pets.txt
#This is my cat
#  my cat's name is betty
#This is my dog
#  my dog's name is frank
#This is my fish
#  my fish's name is george
#This is my goat
#  my goat's name is adam

在每一行最后面加點東西：

$ sed 's/$/ --- /g' pets.txt
This is my cat ---my cat's name is betty ---
This is my dog ---my dog's name is frank ---
This is my fish ---my fish's name is george ---
This is my goat ---my goat's name is adam ---

順手介紹一下正則表達式的一些最基本的東西：

^ 表示一行的開頭。如：/^#/ 以#開頭的匹配。
$ 表示一行的結尾。如：/}$/ 以}結尾的匹配。
\< 表示詞首。如：\<abc 表示以 abc 為首的詞。
\> 表示詞尾。如：abc\> 表示以 abc 結尾的詞。
. 表示任何單個字符。
* 表示某個字符出現了0次或多次。
[ ] 字符集合。如：[abc] 表示匹配a或b或c，還有 [a-zA-Z] 表示匹配所有的26個字符。如果其中有^表示反，如 [^a] 表示非a的字符

正規則表達式是一些很牛的事，比如我們要去掉某html中的tags：

<b>This</b> is what <span style="text-decoration: underline;">I</span> meant. Understand?

看看我們的sed命令

# 如果你這樣搞的話，就會有問題
$ sed 's/<.*>//g' html.txtUnderstand?# 要解決上面的那個問題，就得像下面這樣。
# 其中的'[^>]' 指定了除了>的字符重復0次或多次。
$ sed 's/<[^>]*>//g' html.txt
This is what I meant. Understand?

我們再來看看指定需要替換的內容：

$ sed "3s/my/your/g" pets.txt
This is my catmy cat's name is betty
This is your dogmy dog's name is frank
This is my fishmy fish's name is george
This is my goatmy goat's name is adam

下面的命令只替換第3到第6行的文本。

$ sed "3,6s/my/your/g" pets.txt
This is my catmy cat's name is betty
This is your dogyour dog's name is frank
This is your fishyour fish's name is george
This is my goatmy goat's name is adam

$ cat my.txt
This is my cat, my cat's name is betty
This is my dog, my dog's name is frank
This is my fish, my fish's name is george
This is my goat, my goat's name is adam

只替換每一行的第一個s：

$ sed 's/s/S/1' my.txt
ThiS is my cat, my cat's name is betty
ThiS is my dog, my dog's name is frank
ThiS is my fish, my fish's name is george
ThiS is my goat, my goat's name is adam

只替換每一行的第二個s：

$ sed 's/s/S/2' my.txt
This iS my cat, my cat's name is betty
This iS my dog, my dog's name is frank
This iS my fish, my fish's name is george
This iS my goat, my goat's name is adam

只替換第一行的第3個以后的s：

$ sed 's/s/S/3g' my.txt
This is my cat, my cat'S name iS betty
This is my dog, my dog'S name iS frank
This is my fiSh, my fiSh'S name iS george
This is my goat, my goat'S name iS adam

多個匹配

如果我們需要一次替換多個模式，可參看下面的示例：（第一個模式把第一行到第三行的my替換成your，第二個則把第3行以后的This替換成了That）

$ sed '1,3s/my/your/g; 3,$s/This/That/g' my.txt
This is your cat, your cat's name is betty
This is your dog, your dog's name is frank
That is your fish, your fish's name is george
That is my goat, my goat's name is adam

上面的命令等價于：（注：下面使用的是sed的-e命令行參數）

sed -e '1,3s/my/your/g' -e '3,**$s**/This/That/g' my.txt

我們可以使用&來當做被匹配的變量，然后可以在基本左右加點東西。如下所示：

$ sed 's/my/[&]/g' my.txt
This is [my] cat, [my] cat's name is betty
This is [my] dog, [my] dog's name is frank
This is [my] fish, [my] fish's name is george
This is [my] goat, [my] goat's name is adam

圓括號匹配

使用圓括號匹配的示例：（圓括號括起來的正則表達式所匹配的字符串會可以當成變量來使用，sed中使用的是\1,\2…）

$ sed 's/This is my \([^,&]*\),.*is \(.*\)/\1:\2/g' my.txt
cat:betty
dog:frank
fish:george
goat:adam

上面這個例子中的正則表達式有點復雜，解開如下（去掉轉義字符）：

正則為：This is my ([^,]*),.*is (.*)
匹配為：This is my (cat),……….is (betty)

然后：\1就是cat，\2就是betty

sed的命令

讓我們回到最一開始的例子pets.txt，讓我們來看幾個命令：

N命令

先來看N命令 —— 把下一行的內容納入當成緩沖區做匹配。

下面的的示例會把原文本中的偶數行納入奇數行匹配，而s只匹配并替換一次，所以，就成了下面的結果：

$ sed 'N;s/my/your/' pets.txt
This is your catmy cat's name is betty
This is your dogmy dog's name is frank
This is your fishmy fish's name is george
This is your goatmy goat's name is adam

也就是說，原來的文件成了：

This is my cat\n  my cat's name is betty
This is my dog\n  my dog's name is frank
This is my fish\n  my fish's name is george
This is my goat\n  my goat's name is adam

這樣一來，下面的例子你就明白了，

$ sed 'N;s/\n/,/' pets.txt
This is my cat,  my cat's name is betty
This is my dog,  my dog's name is frank
This is my fish,  my fish's name is george
This is my goat,  my goat's name is adam

a命令和i命令

a命令就是append， i命令就是insert，它們是用來添加行的。如：

# 其中的1i表明，其要在第1行前插入一行（insert）
$ sed "1 i This is my monkey, my monkey's name is wukong" my.txt
This is my monkey, my monkey's name is wukong
This is my cat, my cat's name is betty
This is my dog, my dog's name is frank
This is my fish, my fish's name is george
This is my goat, my goat's name is adam# 其中的1a表明，其要在最后一行后追加一行（append）
$ sed "$ a This is my monkey, my monkey's name is wukong" my.txt
This is my cat, my cat's name is betty
This is my monkey, my monkey's name is wukong
This is my dog, my dog's name is frank
This is my fish, my fish's name is george
This is my goat, my goat's name is adam

我們可以運用匹配來添加文本：

# 注意其中的/fish/a，這意思是匹配到/fish/后就追加一行
$ sed "/fish/a This is my monkey, my monkey's name is wukong" my.txt
This is my cat, my cat's name is betty
This is my dog, my dog's name is frank
This is my fish, my fish's name is george
This is my monkey, my monkey's name is wukong
This is my goat, my goat's name is adam

下面這個例子是對每一行都挺插入：

$ sed "/my/a ----" my.txt
This is my cat, my cat's name is betty
----
This is my dog, my dog's name is frank
----
This is my fish, my fish's name is george
----
This is my goat, my goat's name is adam
----

c命令

c 命令是替換匹配行

$ sed "2 c This is my monkey, my monkey's name is wukong" my.txt
This is my cat, my cat's name is betty
This is my monkey, my monkey's name is wukong
This is my fish, my fish's name is george
This is my goat, my goat's name is adam$ sed "/fish/c This is my monkey, my monkey's name is wukong" my.txt
This is my cat, my cat's name is betty
This is my dog, my dog's name is frank
This is my monkey, my monkey's name is wukong
This is my goat, my goat's name is adam

d命令

刪除匹配行

$ sed '/fish/d' my.txt
This is my cat, my cat's name is betty
This is my dog, my dog's name is frank
This is my goat, my goat's name is adam$ sed '2d' my.txt
This is my cat, my cat's name is betty
This is my fish, my fish's name is george
This is my goat, my goat's name is adam$ sed '2,$d' my.txt
This is my cat, my cat's name is betty

p命令

打印命令

你可以把這個命令當成grep式的命令

# 匹配fish并輸出，可以看到fish的那一行被打了兩遍，
# 這是因為sed處理時會把處理的信息輸出
$ sed '/fish/p' my.txt
This is my cat, my cat's name is betty
This is my dog, my dog's name is frank
This is my fish, my fish's name is george
This is my fish, my fish's name is george
This is my goat, my goat's name is adam# 使用n參數就好了
$ sed -n '/fish/p' my.txt
This is my fish, my fish's name is george# 從一個模式到另一個模式
$ sed -n '/dog/,/fish/p' my.txt
This is my dog, my dog's name is frank
This is my fish, my fish's name is george#從第一行打印到匹配fish成功的那一行
$ sed -n '1,/fish/p' my.txt
This is my cat, my cat's name is betty
This is my dog, my dog's name is frank
This is my fish, my fish's name is george

幾個知識點

好了，下面我們要介紹四個sed的基本知識點：

Pattern Space

第零個是關于-n參數的，大家也許沒看懂，沒關系，我們來看一下sed處理文本的偽代碼，并了解一下Pattern Space的概念：

foreach line in file {//放入把行Pattern_SpacePattern_Space <= line;// 對每個pattern space執行sed命令Pattern_Space <= EXEC(sed_cmd, Pattern_Space);// 如果沒有指定 -n 則輸出處理后的Pattern_Spaceif (sed option hasn't "-n")  {print Pattern_Space}
}

Address

第一個是關于address，幾乎上述所有的命令都是這樣的（注：其中的!表示匹配成功后是否執行命令）

[address[,address]][!]{cmd}

address可以是一個數字，也可以是一個模式，你可以通過逗號要分隔兩個address 表示兩個address的區間，參執行命令cmd，偽代碼如下：

bool bexec = false
foreach line in file {if ( match(address1) ){bexec = true;}if ( bexec == true) {EXEC(sed_cmd);}if ( match (address2) ) {bexec = false;}
}

關于address可以使用相對位置，如：

# 其中的+3表示后面連續3行
$ sed '/dog/,+3s/^/# /g' pets.txt
This is my catmy cat's name is betty
# This is my dog
#   my dog's name is frank
# This is my fish
#   my fish's name is george
This is my goatmy goat's name is adam

命令打包

第二個是cmd可以是多個，它們可以用分號分開，可以用大括號括起來作為嵌套命令。下面是幾個例子：

$ cat pets.txt
This is my catmy cat's name is betty
This is my dogmy dog's name is frank
This is my fishmy fish's name is george
This is my goatmy goat's name is adam# 對3行到第6行，執行命令/This/d
$ sed '3,6 {/This/d}' pets.txt
This is my catmy cat's name is bettymy dog's name is frankmy fish's name is george
This is my goatmy goat's name is adam# 對3行到第6行，匹配/This/成功后，再匹配/fish/，成功后執行d命令
$ sed '3,6 {/This/{/fish/d}}' pets.txt
This is my catmy cat's name is betty
This is my dogmy dog's name is frankmy fish's name is george
This is my goatmy goat's name is adam# 從第一行到最后一行，如果匹配到This，則刪除之；如果前面有空格，則去除空格
$ sed '1,${/This/d;s/^ *//g}' pets.txt
my cat's name is betty
my dog's name is frank
my fish's name is george
my goat's name is adam

Hold Space

第三個我們再來看一下 Hold Space

接下來，我們需要了解一下Hold Space的概念，我們先來看四個命令：

g：將hold space中的內容拷貝到pattern space中，原來pattern space里的內容清除
G：將hold space中的內容append到pattern space\n后
h：將pattern space中的內容拷貝到hold space中，原來的hold space里的內容被清除
H：將pattern space中的內容append到hold space\n后
x：交換pattern space和hold space的內容

這些命令有什么用？我們來看兩個示例吧，用到的示例文件是：

$ cat t.txt
one
two
three

第一個示例：

$ sed 'H;g' t.txt
oneone
twoone
two
three

是不是有點沒看懂，我作個圖你就看懂了。

在這里插入圖片描述

第二個示例，反序了一個文件的行：

$ sed '1!G;h;$!d' t.txt
three
two
one

其中的 ‘1!G;h;$!d’ 可拆解為三個命令

1!G —— 只有第一行不執行G命令，將hold space中的內容append回到pattern space
h —— 第一行都執行h命令，將pattern space中的內容拷貝到hold space中
$!d —— 除了最后一行不執行d命令，其它行都執行d命令，刪除當前行

這個執行序列很難理解，做個圖如下大家就明白了

在這里插入圖片描述

就先說這么多吧，希望對大家有用。

（全文完）