Request

Request 部分源碼：

# 部分代碼
class Request(object_ref):def __init__(self, url, callback=None, method='GET', headers=None, body=None, cookies=None, meta=None, encoding='utf-8', priority=0,dont_filter=False, errback=None):self._encoding = encoding  # this one has to be set firstself.method = str(method).upper()self._set_url(url)self._set_body(body)assert isinstance(priority, int), "Request priority not an integer: %r" % priorityself.priority = priorityassert callback or not errback, "Cannot use errback without a callback"self.callback = callbackself.errback = errbackself.cookies = cookies or {}self.headers = Headers(headers or {}, encoding=encoding)self.dont_filter = dont_filterself._meta = dict(meta) if meta else None@propertydef meta(self):if self._meta is None:self._meta = {}return self._meta

其中，比較常用的參數：

url: 就是需要請求，并進行下一步處理的urlcallback: 指定該請求返回的Response，由那個函數來處理。method: 請求一般不需要指定，默認GET方法，可設置為"GET", "POST", "PUT"等，且保證字符串大寫headers: 請求時，包含的頭文件。一般不需要。內容一般如下：# 自己寫過爬蟲的肯定知道Host: media.readthedocs.orgUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64; rv:33.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/33.0Accept: text/css,*/*;q=0.1Accept-Language: zh-cn,zh;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateReferer: http://scrapy-chs.readthedocs.org/zh_CN/0.24/Cookie: _ga=GA1.2.1612165614.1415584110;Connection: keep-aliveIf-Modified-Since: Mon, 25 Aug 2014 21:59:35 GMTCache-Control: max-age=0meta: 比較常用，在不同的請求之間傳遞數據使用的。字典dict型request_with_cookies = Request(url="http://www.example.com",cookies={'currency': 'USD', 'country': 'UY'},meta={'dont_merge_cookies': True})encoding: 使用默認的 'utf-8' 就行。dont_filter: 表明該請求不由調度器過濾。這是當你想使用多次執行相同的請求,忽略重復的過濾器。默認為False。errback: 指定錯誤處理函數

Response

# 部分代碼
class Response(object_ref):def __init__(self, url, status=200, headers=None, body='', flags=None, request=None):self.headers = Headers(headers or {})self.status = int(status)self._set_body(body)self._set_url(url)self.request = requestself.flags = [] if flags is None else list(flags)@propertydef meta(self):try:return self.request.metaexcept AttributeError:raise AttributeError("Response.meta not available, this response " \"is not tied to any request")

大部分參數和上面的差不多：

status: 響應碼
_set_body(body)： 響應體
_set_url(url)：響應url
self.request = request

發送POST請求

• 可以使用?yield scrapy.FormRequest(url, formdata, callback)方法發送POST請求。

• 如果希望程序執行一開始就發送POST請求，可以重寫Spider類的start_requests(self)方法，并且不再調用start_urls里的url。

class mySpider(scrapy.Spider):# start_urls = ["http://www.example.com/"]def start_requests(self):url = 'http://www.renren.com/PLogin.do'# FormRequest 是Scrapy發送POST請求的方法yield scrapy.FormRequest(url = url,formdata = {"email" : "mr_mao_hacker@163.com", "password" : "axxxxxxxe"},callback = self.parse_page)def parse_page(self, response):# do something

模擬登陸

使用FormRequest.from_response()方法模擬用戶登錄

通常網站通過?實現對某些表單字段（如數據或是登錄界面中的認證令牌等）的預填充。

使用Scrapy抓取網頁時，如果想要預填充或重寫像用戶名、用戶密碼這些表單字段， 可以使用 FormRequest.from_response() 方法實現。

下面是使用這種方法的爬蟲例子:

import scrapyclass LoginSpider(scrapy.Spider):name = 'example.com'start_urls = ['http://www.example.com/users/login.php']def parse(self, response):return scrapy.FormRequest.from_response(response,formdata={'username': 'john', 'password': 'secret'},callback=self.after_login)def after_login(self, response):# check login succeed before going onif "authentication failed" in response.body:self.log("Login failed", level=log.ERROR)return# continue scraping with authenticated session...

知乎爬蟲案例參考：

zhihuSpider.py爬蟲代碼

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule
from scrapy.selector import Selector
from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
from scrapy import Request, FormRequest
from zhihu.items import ZhihuItemclass ZhihuSipder(CrawlSpider) :name = "zhihu"allowed_domains = ["www.zhihu.com"]start_urls = ["http://www.zhihu.com"]rules = (Rule(LinkExtractor(allow = ('/question/\d+#.*?', )), callback = 'parse_page', follow = True),Rule(LinkExtractor(allow = ('/question/\d+', )), callback = 'parse_page', follow = True),)headers = {"Accept": "*/*","Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.6,zh;q=0.4","Connection": "keep-alive","Content-Type":" application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8","User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2125.111 Safari/537.36","Referer": "http://www.zhihu.com/"}#重寫了爬蟲類的方法, 實現了自定義請求, 運行成功后會調用callback回調函數def start_requests(self):return [Request("https://www.zhihu.com/login", meta = {'cookiejar' : 1}, callback = self.post_login)]def post_login(self, response):print 'Preparing login'#下面這句話用于抓取請求網頁后返回網頁中的_xsrf字段的文字, 用于成功提交表單xsrf = response.xpath('//input[@name="_xsrf"]/@value').extract()[0]print xsrf#FormRequeset.from_response是Scrapy提供的一個函數, 用于post表單#登陸成功后, 會調用after_login回調函數return [FormRequest.from_response(response,   #"http://www.zhihu.com/login",meta = {'cookiejar' : response.meta['cookiejar']},headers = self.headers,  #注意此處的headersformdata = {'_xsrf': xsrf,'email': '123456@qq.com','password': '123456'},callback = self.after_login,dont_filter = True)]def after_login(self, response) :for url in self.start_urls :yield self.make_requests_from_url(url)def parse_page(self, response):problem = Selector(response)item = ZhihuItem()item['url'] = response.urlitem['name'] = problem.xpath('//span[@class="name"]/text()').extract()print item['name']item['title'] = problem.xpath('//h2[@class="zm-item-title zm-editable-content"]/text()').extract()item['description'] = problem.xpath('//div[@class="zm-editable-content"]/text()').extract()item['answer']= problem.xpath('//div[@class=" zm-editable-content clearfix"]/text()').extract()return item

Item類設置

from scrapy.item import Item, Fieldclass ZhihuItem(Item):# define the fields for your item here like:# name = scrapy.Field()url = Field()  #保存抓取問題的urltitle = Field()  #抓取問題的標題description = Field()  #抓取問題的描述answer = Field()  #抓取問題的答案name = Field()  #個人用戶的名稱

setting.py 設置抓取間隔

BOT_NAME = 'zhihu'SPIDER_MODULES = ['zhihu.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'zhihu.spiders'
DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 0.25   #設置下載間隔為250ms