Oracle 中UNDO與REDO的差別具體解釋

一 為了更清楚的看出2者差別，請看下表：

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? UNDO ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? REDO

Record of	How to undo a change	How to reproduce a change
Used for	Rollback, Read-Consistency	Rolling forward DB Changes
Stored in	Undo segments	Redo log files
Protect Against ??	Inconsistent reads in multiuser systems ??	Data loss

簡單看來，UNDO主要記錄怎樣撤銷事務和保證讀一致性；REDO則是負責數據庫前滾（重做）。保護數據不丟失。

?二 以下我們來通過實例說明undo 和 redo的關系：

1 我們將證明下面事實：

- oracle 中redo包括undo；

-?checkpoint 會導致臟數據寫入datafile；

-?buffers 會被寫入當前的undo 表空間

2 操作步驟：

- 創建1個undo表空間：undotbs2

- 創建1個表空間：test_undo

- 在表空間test_undo創建表：test_undo_tab （txt char(1000)）

- 向表test_undo_tab插入2條記錄txt – teststring1, teststring2。運行手工checkpoint操作

- 手工日志切換、切換undo 表空間

- 更新teststring1為teststring_uncommitted而且不提交

- 新開一個session 更新?teststring2為teststring_uncommitted而且提交

- 檢查update前后的值都被記錄在當前redo log中

- 檢查undo 表空間不包括更新之前的值

- 進行手工checkpoint，這樣undo信息將被寫入磁盤

- 檢查undo 表空間包括更新前的值

3 詳細實現：

?- 查找當前undo表空間

SQL> show parameter undo_tablespaceNAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
undo_tablespace                      string      UNDOTBS1

- 創建Undo表空間 undotbs2：

SQL> create undo tablespace undotbs2 datafile '/u01/app/oracle/undotbs2.dbf'2  size 100m;Tablespace created.

- 創建表空間 test_undo

SQL> create tablespace test_undo datafile '/u01/app/oracle/test_undo.dbf'2  size 128k;Tablespace created.

- 創建測試表 test_undo_tab：

SQL> create table test_undo_tab(txt char(1000)) tablespace test_undo;Table created.SQL> insert into test_undo_tab values ('teststring1');1 row created.SQL> insert into test_undo_tab values ('teststring2');1 row created.SQL> commit;

- 運行手工檢查點。將以上改變寫入數據文件：

SQL> alter system checkpoint;System altered.

- 設置undotbs2為當前undo表空間：

SQL> alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs2;System altered.SQL> show parameter undo_tablespace;NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
undo_tablespace                      string      UNDOTBS2

- 進行日志切換使當前日志不包括字符串teststring

SQL> alter system switch logfile;System altered.

- 查找當前日志

SQL> col member for a30
SQL> select member, l.status from v$log l, v$logfile f2  where l.group# = f.group#3  and l.status = 'CURRENT';MEMBER                         STATUS
------------------------------ ----------------
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/r CURRENT
edo02.log

- 更新測試表中一行而且不提交

SQL> update test_undo_tab set txt = 'teststring_uncommitted'2  where txt = 'teststring1';1 row updated.

- 新開一個session 更新另外一行而且提交

SQL>  update test_undo_tab set txt = 'teststring_committed'where txt = 'teststring2';commit;

- 查看這時候的redo log應該包括redo 和 undo （提交的和未提交的數據信息）

[oracle@dylan ~]$  strings /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log | grep teststring

teststring_uncommitted                                                                                  
teststring1                                                          teststring_committed                                                 teststring2

- 檢查當前數據文件應該是不包括更新后的數值（僅僅有更新前數據）由于還未觸發檢查點

[oracle@dylan ~]$ strings /u01/app/oracle/test_undo.dbf | grep teststring

teststring2                                                                  
teststring1

- 此時觸發檢查點

SQL> alter system checkpoint;

- 再次檢查數據文件發現數據已為最新值（提交的和未提交的值）

[oracle@dylan ~$ strings /u01/app/oracle/test_undo.dbf|grep teststringteststring_committed                                                                                                               ,
teststring_uncommitted

- 最后檢查Undotbs2表空間發現包括更新前的數值

[oracle@dylan ~]$ strings /u01/app/oracle/undotbs2.dbf | grep teststringteststring2                                                                  
teststring1

- 清理創建的對象

SQL>drop tablespace test_undo including contents and datafiles;alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;drop tablespace undotbs2 including contents and datafiles;

三 進一步探討：

Let’s see what will happen if undo is stored in redo logs only.

假設僅將undo信息存儲于redo logs會怎么樣？

A redo log can be reused once changes protected by it have been written to datafiles (and archivelogs if database is in archivelog mode).

It implies that if I make a change and do not commit it?
- Change is written to a redo log ?假設我改變的數據而沒提交。此時改變將記錄到redo log
- checkpoint takes place ?檢查點發生
- uncommitted change is written to datafile ?后未提交的數據寫入了數據文件
- I decide to rollback the change ?這時我打算回滾
- If redo log has not been overwritten ?假設redo log沒被覆蓋
. search entire redo log for the undo and then rollback ?那么搜素整個redo log進行回滾操作
else (redo log has been overwritten)
. undo information is not available for rollback. ? ?否則將無法回滾，undo信息已丟失！

One might argue that if somehow a redo log is not allowed to be overwritten until it contains active undo, we might be able to manage with undo stored in redo logs only. This solution is not feasible as
- size of redo logs will grow enormously large very soon as thet contain both undo and redo (a user might decide not to end a transaction for months)
- to rollback a change, enormous amount of data in redo logs (both redo and undo) will have to be searched leading to degraded performance
- there will be contention on redo logs as they are being used for both
. writing redo and undo
. reading to rollback a change?

有人或許會爭論：那就不同意redo log 覆蓋undo 信息直到包括新的undo，這樣redo log將變得異常大從而影響系統性能！

Hence, undo information has to be stored separately from redo and is used for rolling back uncommited transactions . The undo stored in undo buffers/undo tablespace is additionally used for
- read consistency ? 讀一致性
- flashback query ? ? ?閃回查詢
- flashback version query ? 閃回版本號查詢

Reference：?http://oracleinaction.com/undo-and-redo-in-oracle/

http://oraclenz.wordpress.com/2008/06/22/differences-between-undo-and-redo/

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Dylan ? ?Presents.